Due to the imbalance of technological level and industrial structure in regional economic development, the same carbon source can bring differentiated carbon emission levels in different regions, ...thus making the carbon emission show significant regional differences. In order to explore the regional differences in China’s provincial carbon emission intensity and the effect of relevant influencing factors, this paper combines EKC model and STIRPAT model to conduct research. Using carbon emission intensity and other influencing factors of China’s 30 provinces ranging from 2005 to 2017 to construct a panel data, the authors use exploratory spatial data analysis and Spatial Durbin Model to study the spatial effect of carbon emission intensity in China’s provincial regions and the impact of different development factors on carbon emission intensity. The results show that from 2005 to 2017, China’s carbon emission intensity gradually declined from east to west and from south to north. The inter-provincial carbon emission intensity of China presents an agglomeration effect in space, and the agglomeration effect gradually weakens with time. In addition, reducing energy intensity can reduce carbon emission intensity to a large extent. By optimizing industrial structure, increasing the degree of foreign trade and promoting financial development, carbon emission intensity can also be inhibited. Therefore, reducing the energy intensity of various industries and establishing inter-regional carbon emission cooperation mechanism will be effective to control the carbon emission intensity.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The violent and persistent wildfires that broke out along the southeast coast of Australia in 2019 caused a large number of pollutant emissions, which seriously affected air quality and the global ...climate. The existing two methods for estimating combustion emissions based on burned area and fire radiative power mainly use a medium resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) on the Aqua and Terra satellites. However, the low temporal resolution of MODIS and insensitivity to small fires lead to deviation in the estimation of fire emissions. In order to solve this problem, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) with better performance is adopted in this paper, combined with the fire diurnal cycle information obtained by geostationary satellite Himawari-8, to explore the spatio-temporal model of biomass combustion emissions. Using this, a high-spatial- and -temporal-resolution fire emission inventory was generated for southeastern Australia from November 2019 to January 2020, which aims to fully consider the highly dynamic nature of fires and small fires (low FRP) that are much lower than the MODIS burned area or active fire detection limit, with emphasis on dry matter burned (DMB). We found that during the study period, the fire gradually moved from north to south, and the diurnal cycle of the fire in the study area changed greatly. The peak time of the fire gradually delayed as the fire moved south. Our inventory shows that the DMB in southeast Australia during the study period was about 146 Tg, with major burned regions distributed along the Great Dividing Range, with December 2019 being the main burning period. The total DMB we calculated is 0.5–3.1 times that reported by the GFAS (Global Fire Assimilation System) and 1.5 to 4 times lower than that obtained using the traditional “Burned Area Based Method (FINN)”. We believe that the GFAS may underestimate the results by ignoring a large number of small fires, and that the excessive combustion rate used in the FINN may be a source of overestimation. Therefore, we conclude that the combination of high-temporal-resolution and high-spatial-resolution satellites can improve FRE estimation and may also allow further verification of biomass combustion estimates from different inventories, which are far better approaches for fire emission estimation.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
The human voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ2/KCNQ3 carries the neuronal M-current, which helps to stabilize the membrane potential. KCNQ2 can be activated by analgesics and antiepileptic ...drugs but their activation mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human KCNQ2-CaM in complex with three activators, namely the antiepileptic drug cannabidiol (CBD), the lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP
2
), and HN37 (pynegabine), an antiepileptic drug in the clinical trial, in an either closed or open conformation. The activator-bound structures, along with electrophysiology analyses, reveal the binding modes of two CBD, one PIP
2
, and two HN37 molecules in each KCNQ2 subunit, and elucidate their activation mechanisms on the KCNQ2 channel. These structures may guide the development of antiepileptic drugs and analgesics that target KCNQ2.
In recent years, ultra-large-scale offshore wind turbines have attracted widespread attention. However, accurately evaluating the motion responses of offshore wind turbines under extreme conditions, ...especially for semisubmersible floating off-shore wind turbines, is often challenging. In order to assess the operational behavior of wind turbines under wind and wave loads, this paper adopted a numerical analysis method to solve the motion responses under extreme conditions. It specifically examines the motion responses of the IEA 15 MW wind turbine in terms of surge, heave, and pitch direction, focusing on environmental loads that occur once every 50 years. The results show that the wind turbine can still operate normally under the Ultimate condition. However, the average amplitude increased by 7% in the pitch direction and decreased by 4% in the heave direction compared to the rated condition. Under extreme conditions (occurring once every 50 years), with the wind turbine parked, the average amplitude in the surge direction reduced by 33%, while the average amplitude in the pitch direction reduced by 106%. Thus, it is essential to pitch the blades and brake the generator in extreme environmental conditions to ensure the safety of the wind turbine.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are Ca
2+
-permeable ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) in the central nervous system and play important roles in neuronal development and synaptic ...plasticity. Conventional NMDARs, which typically comprise GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, have different biophysical properties than GluN3-containing NMDARs: GluN3-containing NMDARs have smaller unitary conductance, less Ca
2+
-permeability and lower Mg
2+
-sensitivity than those of conventional NMDARs. However, there are very few specific modulators for GluN3-containing NMDARs. Here, we developed a cell-based high-throughput calcium assay and identified 3-fluoro-1,2-phenylene bis (3-hydroxybenzoate) (WZB117) as a relatively selective inhibitor of GluN1/GluN3 receptors. The IC
50
value of WZB117 on GluN1/GluN3A receptors expressed in HEK-293 cells was 1.15 ± 0.34 μM. Consistently, WZB117 exhibited strong inhibitory activity against glycine-induced currents in the presence of CGP-78608 but only slightly affected the NMDA-, KA- and AMPA-induced currents in the acutely isolated rat hippocampal neurons. Among the four types of endogenous currents, only the first one is primarily mediated by GluN1/GluN3 receptors. Mechanistic studies showed that WZB117 inhibited the GluN1/GluN3A receptors in a glycine-, voltage- and pH-independent manner, suggesting it is an allosteric modulator. Site-directed mutagenesis and chimera construction further revealed that WZB117 may act on the GluN3A pre-M1 region with key determinants different from those of previously identified modulators. Together, our study developed an efficient method to discover modulators of GluN3-containing NMDARs and characterized WZB117 as a novel allosteric inhibitor of GluN1/GluN3 receptors.
A clinical therapy for chronic neuropathic pain is urgently needed, and the voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) α2δ subunit is among the most promising therapeutic targets. To intensively explore ...the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the lipophilic moiety in VGCC α2δ subunit ligands (gabapentinoids), we designed and synthesized 11 bicyclic and monocyclic derivatives based on mirogabalin, a third-generation VGCC α2δ subunit ligand. The competitive binding of the synthesized compounds to the human VGCC α2δ-1 subunit was measured in vitro, and the results demonstrated that the lipophilic moiety size was strictly limited in gabapentinoids, in which conformationally rigid bicylo3.2.0heptane/heptene with a
cis
-fusion was the most preferred structure. In contrast, monocyclic cyclobutane was associated with a markedly decreased binding affinity except in
4
(IC
50
= 15.2 nM), in which the substituents could mimic the rigid conformation of bicylo3.2.0heptane/heptene; heteroatoms in the lipophilic moiety were detrimental to the binding affinity (
2
, IC
50
> 729 nM). The SAR findings obtained in the present study will be valuable for designing novel gabapentinoid drugs to treat chronic neuropathic pain in the future.
Graphical abstract
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Amorphous Li3PS4 films were synthesized by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at room temperature using Li3PS4 targets with excess lithium and sulfur. Raman and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopies ...indicated that the Li3PS4 film synthesized with a stoichiometric amount of Li3PS4 target contained lithium‐deficient phases such as Li4P2S6, Li2−xS and sulfur due to composition deviation caused during the ablation process. The film synthesized with a 14% Li2S‐excess target (Li3.42PS4.21) contained fewer impurities, and exhibited a higher ionic conductivity of 5.3 × 10−4 S/cm at 298 K than the lithium‐deficient film (3.1 × 10−4 S/cm). The target composition is an important factor for the fabrication of highly conductive Li3PS4 films for electrolytes in thin‐film batteries.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Li2RuO3 (001) films with a lithium-rich layered rocksalt structure are epitaxially grown on a Al2O3(0001) substrate through pulsed laser deposition, followed by stacking of an amorphous Li3PO4 solid ...electrolyte. A half solid-state battery with a Li3PO4/Li2RuO3 cathode, liquid electrolyte, and lithium anode exhibits two redox peak pairs at 3.4 and 3.6 V, demonstrating lithium intercalation in the Li2RuO3 through the Li3PO4 solid electrolyte. All-solid-state batteries are fabricated by Li or In metal anode deposition on the Li3PO4/Li2RuO3. The Li/Li3PO4/Li2RuO3 cell delivers an initial discharge capacity of 101 mAh g−1, which does not fade significantly over 30 cycles. Furthermore, the Li2RuO3 rate capability is comparable to that of a liquid-type battery. Lithium-rich layered materials are available for use as cathodes in all-solid-state batteries.
•All-solid-state batteries of Li(In)/Li3PO4/Li2RuO3(001) were fabricated.•The batteries delivered highly-reversible (de)intercalation during the 30 cycles.•The rate capability of the battery was comparable to that of a liquid-type battery.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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