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•The optical absorption of Ti-O-N films is enhanced by both reducing the bandgap and increasing free carrier absorption.•W-doping enhances the optical absorption by introducing ...additional states in the bandgap.•The additional W-states enhance the absorption in the region where band-to-band and free carrier absorption are weak.
Preference for a classy black turn-off appearance and for distinct dark colors on flat-panel displays has led to a high demand for optically black materials. Titanium oxynitrides and tungsten-doped oxynitrides were prepared using nitrogen plasma assisted pulsed laser deposition, and their optical absorption properties were investigated. A selection of Ti-O-N films were prepared with different compositions by controlling the emission current (Ie) and discharge voltage (Vd) of the ion source. It was found that the nitrogen content of the Ti(O,N)x could be adjusted by controlling the Ie. The large, flat absorption coefficient of approximately 40 μm−1 in the visible range (400–700 nm) attained for the samples deposited at high Vd was attributed to tungsten doping from a W filament in the ion source. The 4.1 mol%W-doped Ti(O,N)x, which had a rock-salt-type structure, was optically jet-black. The origin of the flat wavelength dispersion in the W-doped Ti(O,N)x was attributed to the coexistence of semiconducting absorption and metallic absorption mechanisms. DFT calculations suggest that the 5d states achieved when using doped tungsten provide high absorption in the mid-wavelength range, whereas undoped-Ti(O,N)x was characterized by weak absorption.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Black and electrically insulating coatings provide touch panel displays with a classic appearance. In this study, black and electrically insulating Ag–Fe2O3-based coatings were prepared using ...reactive magnetron sputtering, stainless steel and silver foil. The thin films prepared with oxygen introduction and no Ag foil showed blue light absorption and high electrical resistance, which are comparable to those of Fe2O3 single crystals. The optimal Ag foil size for maintaining a high electrical resistivity of 108 Ω·sq−1 was determined to be 54 mol%Ag in the film samples. Black and electrically insulating thin films composed of metallic Ag, amorphous Ag–Fe–O, and slightly crystallized Fe2O3 were prepared using 3.4 or 3.9 %O2. Metallic Ag segregated randomly in the high-refractive-index Fe2O3-based matrix, resulting in plasmonic absorption over a wide range of wavelengths centered in the red-wavelength region. At 3.9 %O2, a high sheet resistance of 108 Ω·sq−1 and strong visible absorption of 35.2 μm−1 (on average), slightly deviating by 2.4 μm−1 were simultaneously achieved by clear phase separation of the Ag grains and Fe2O3-based matrix. A clear phase separation mechanism based on thermodynamic nonequilibrium oxidation of the metallic Ag phase is proposed.
•Black insulative Ag–Fe2O3-based coating was prepared by sputtering from metal target.•Visible light absorption of 35 ± 2 μm−1 with resistance of 108 Ω·sq−1 was achieved.•Oxygen dissolution into metallic silver is important to be black and insulative.•Substitutional oxygen dissolution is experimentally and theoretically suggested.•This process has advantages for widespread applications in display industry.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Apart from transparent conductors, the demand for nontransparent black insulators in the electronic display industry is significant. The development of these dark insulators requires sophisticated ...material designs. This study shows that narrow‐gap‐oxide‐based nanoscale cermets with nonequilibrium phases which decompose into metal and oxide phases have both the insulative character and a stronger and less‐dispersive absorption than graphite throughout the visible range. Herein, the cases of pulsed‐laser‐deposition‐derived Ag–Fe2O3 and Cu–Bi2O3 systems are shown. The combination of the interband absorption of the narrow‐gap oxides and the plasmonic absorption of the metals provides strong optical absorption throughout the visible range. Because they create diffusion at the edge of the interband absorption and the peaks of the plasmonic absorption, the nonequilibrium phases make the absorption less dispersive. By preventing the mutual contact of the metal grains, they also make the cermets electrically insulative. This new approach has the potential to produce excellent black and insulating optical coatings using a variety of combinations of metals and ceramics for touch panel displays.
Ag–Fe2O3 thin films show strong absorption which is less wavelength‐dispersive in the visible range while being electrically insulative in character. This unique absorption character results from the nanoscale mixing of the metallic and Fe2O3 phases. The nonequilibrium Ag–Fe–O phase prevents the percolation of the metallic phase, resulting in the insulative character.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Black antireflective (AR) coatings with electric insulative properties are required to improve the visibility of touch panel displays in the turned-on state and their appearance in the turned-off ...state. In this study, multilayer black AR stacks comprised of black insulative Ag–Fe–O, high-n TiO2, and low-n SiOxNy were constructed by optical simulation and prepared using RF magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition. For the stacking model with five layers, the calculations show an excellent low reflectance of below 0.15% over the whole visible range with a transmittance of 0.002%. A simulation of the three-layered model indicated that the average reflectance can be reduced from over 43% for a monolayer to 3% with a reasonable average transmittance of 15% for display applications. RF magnetron sputtering, an industrial friendly method, was used to prepare the black insulative Ag–Fe–O in the AR stack for the first time. The Ag–Fe–O thin films deposited at 200–300 °C show both a large and constant absorption coefficient over the whole visible range and an acceptable high sheet resistance. The black AR stack was comprised of the black insulative Ag–Fe–O prepared at 250 °C by RF magnetron sputtering. The observed reflectance is in good agreement with the simulated model. These results indicate the high potential of the black Ag–Fe–O films for use in AR black coatings in touch panel displays for a visually attractive turn-off appearance.
Antireflection coatings with optically black layers bring a classy turn‐off appearance to electronic displays. The black layers used in capacitive touch‐panel displays are required to have a large ...absorption coefficient throughout the visible range, a small wavelength dispersion for absorption, and electrically insulative properties. In article number 2000160, Akihiro Ishii, Mina Yamaguchi and co‐workers report an optically black and electrically insulating thin film with nanostructured Ag–Fe–O phases. The authors’ approach to simultaneously enhancing optical density and electrical resistivity, which are known for their trade‐off relationship, has great potential in the many industries which utilize display panels.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the level of dementia knowledge and behaviors recognized as dementia-preventive and the practice thereof among healthy older adults who are highly ...motivated to engage in activities. Methods: The participants were older adults registered at the Silver Human Resource Center of city A, and participants anonymously filled questionnaires through the aggregation method in January 2020. Results: The analysis included 78 participants (the effective response rate was 49.7%). All participants were aware of at least 4 dementia-preventive behaviors, and about 80% of all participants practiced at least 1 preventive behavior. Approximately 20% of participants were not practicing preventive behaviors at all. The elderly aged 65 to 74 years had more knowledge about dementia and more types of behavior perceived as dementia-preventive than the elderly aged 75 years and older. There was no significant correlation between the level of dementia knowledge and the number of types of dementia-preventive behaviors. Conclusions: Healthy older adults were aware of numerous behaviors for dementia prevention, and most older adults practiced preventive behaviors. In contrast, even with a high amount of knowledge about dementia, a small number of healthy older adults did not translate this knowledge into preventative behavioral practices. High levels of dementia knowledge do not translate into preventive behavioral practices.
Among patient with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome, about 10-20% of those with ectopic ACTH syndromes (EAS) have occult or unknown tumors. Despite the intensive search for the culprit tumors by ...dynamic endocrine tests and imaging tests, it is often difficult to localize and confirm the source of occult ectopic ACTH secretion. We report a patient with EAS caused by a small bronchial carcinoid tumor, which was successfully localized by a selective pulmonary arterial sampling for the first time. A 69-year-old woman presented with typical Cushingoid features and elevated plasma ACTH and cortisol levels, which showed lack of circadian rhythm, no suppression by high-dose dexamethasone, and no response to CRH stimulation. No mass lesion was detected by pituitary MRI, and inferior petrosal sinus sampling showed no central to peripheral ACTH gradient. Although CT scan of the chest revealed a very small nodule in the right lung, it could not be confirmed by either somatostatin receptor scintigraphy or fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Selective pulmonary arterial sampling of the wedged blood from a pulmonary artery branch affecting the nodule showed a marked ACTH gradient, and the lobectomy of the right middle lung resulted in dramatic decreases in plasma ACTH and cortisol levels. The resected tumor was diagnosed as a bronchial carcinoid tumor with positive immunostaining for ACTH. Thus, selective pulmonary arterial sampling, because of its more site-selective measurement of hormonal secretion, could be one of the useful tools to localize and confirm the ectopic ACTH production by a small pulmonary tumor.
This study aims to evaluate the effects of multiple defect species produced by water and oxygen incorporation on the lattice parameters of BaZr0.8Yb0.2O3-δ (BZYb20) and model its chemical expansion ...considering these effects. In this study, the lattice constant of BZYb20 was investigated under oxygen partial pressure (pO2 = 1–10−3 bar), water vapor partial pressure (pH2O = 0.0023 bar and dry) and over a wide range of temperatures (473–1173 K) using two approaches: model calculations and high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD). HT-XRD measurements revealed that the lattice expansion of BZYb20 changed within 700–900 K in a humidified atmosphere. In a nonhumidified atmosphere, this temperature range shifts lower. High-temperature gravimetric measurements of oxygen incorporation showed that the change in oxygen vacancy concentration was sufficiently small, and the effect of oxygen incorporation on the lattice constant was negligible. High-temperature gravimetric measurements of water incorporation yielded thermodynamic parameters for the hydration reaction. Based on these results, the HT-XRD results were reproduced by fitting a lattice constant model that neglects the effects of oxygen. Therefore, the effect of oxygen incorporation on chemical expansion can be ignored, and the chemical expansion can be estimated using the model developed in this study.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are an attractive technology for addressing the global environmental and energy problems caused by the heavy use of fossil fuels. The commercialization of SOECs ...is important for achieving decentralized hydrogen energy systems. SOECs have the advantages of high efficiency and a high conversion rate for the produced hydrogen compared to competing technologies. However, SOEC systems suffer from performance degradation after long-term operation, which mainly originates from the fuel electrode side, e.g., the Ni/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrode. The most common degradation phenomena are Ni agglomeration, Ni separation from the YSZ electrolyte, Ni re-oxidation, carbon deposition, and poisoning by gas impurities. These phenomena are mainly related to Ni migration occurring in the Ni/YSZ cathode owing to factors such as high water vapor concentration, high applied voltage or current density, high temperature, and the presence of gas impurities. In this review, the most important factors affecting Ni migration and other related degradation phenomena are summarized to provide insights into the degradation mechanisms of Ni/YSZ fuel electrodes. Based on these insights, strategies for improving the lifetime of Ni/YSZ fuel electrodes are discussed.
•Ni/YSZ is the most used material for fuel electrode of solid oxide electrolytic cell.•The degradation phenomenon of NiYSZ is summarized and discussed.•The works on Ni/YSZ degradation under different experimental parameters are reviewed.•Some strategies to mitigate Ni/YSZ degradation are discussed and proposed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A synthetic route is described for collagen‐like polypeptides constructed from O‐phospho‐L‐hydroxyproline Hyp(PO3H2) residues. Using the synthetic polypeptides and a natural protein, gelatin, fine ...fibers and their network structures (ESNWs) were prepared via electrospinning. The composite ESNWs can induce the mineralization of calcium phosphate. The phosphoryl groups of the Hyp(PO3H2) residues affect both the crystalline phase and amount of the calcium phosphate, depending on the chemical structure in the repeating sequence. The composite ESNWs can be developed as a biocompatible replacement of the extracellular matrix of hard tissues, and thus can be applied as dental materials for restoration of dental cavities or as a sealant for pits and fissures.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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