In this article, we focus on ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for subsurface utility pipe detection. Due to the dense and high-speed 3-D monitoring, GPR is a promising tool. However, because of ...enormous amount of radar data and difficulty of interpretation, inspection time and cost are the bottlenecks. In this article, we propose a novel detection algorithm by the combination of 3-D convolutional neural network (3-D-CNN) and Kirchhoff migration. A 3-D-CNN architecture was trained utilizing transverse and longitudinal pipes' measurement data. The classification accuracy of the developed model was about 91%, accurately estimating the pipes' existences and directions. The 3-D-CNN improved the classification accuracy by about 6% compared to 2-D-CNN in the case of transverse pipes by considering the 3-D geometries of the pipes. After box-by-box search by 3-D-CNN, Kirchhoff migration was applied to cross section images and peaks were extracted. From the result of experimental field data, the algorithm provides the clear understandings of pipes' 3-D positions and arrangement with reasonable calculation time.
In this paper, a novel manhole and joint covers detection algorithm from radar images by Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Hough transform is proposed. Due to its dense and high-speed monitoring ...capabilities, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a promising tool. Furthermore, manhole and joint covers are apparent from surface reflections. An SVM model was developed utilizing Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) feature and Laplacian filter. Classification accuracy of manhole, joint covers and pavement section was up to 98%. Hough transform was applied to the detected areas to visualize objects in a map. The algorithm detected manhole and joint covers accurately and fast by the combination of SVM and Hough transform.
•Manhole and joint covers were accurately detected from radar images by Support Vector Machine.•As preprocessing HOG feature was extracted after applying a Laplacian filter.•Hough transform was applied to locate and visualize manhole and joint covers in a map.•Detection and localization accuracy was validated by measurement data.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A common morphological feature of typical angiosperms is the patterning of lateral organs along primary axes of asymmetry-a proximodistal, a mediolateral, and an adaxial-abaxial axis. Angiosperm ...leaves usually have distinct adaxial-abaxial identity, which is required for the development of a flat shape. By contrast, many unifacial leaves, consisting of only the abaxial side, show a flattened morphology. This implicates a unique mechanism that allows leaf flattening independent of adaxial-abaxial identity. In this study, we report a role for auxin in outgrowth of unifacial leaves. In two closely related unifacial-leaved species of Juncaceae, Juncus prismatocarpus with flattened leaves, and Juncus wallichianus with transversally radialized leaves, the auxin-responsive gene GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASE3 displayed spatially different expression patterns within leaf primordia. Treatment of J. prismatocarpus seedlings with exogenous auxin or auxin transport inhibitors, which disturb endogenous auxin distribution, eliminated leaf flatness, resulting in a transversally radialized morphology. These treatments did not affect the radialized morphology of leaves of J. wallichianus. Moreover, elimination of leaf flatness by these treatments accompanied dysregulated expression of genetic factors needed to specify the leaf central-marginal polarity in J. prismatocarpus. The findings imply that lamina outgrowth of unifacial leaves relies on proper placement of auxin, which might induce initial leaf flattening and subsequently act to specify leaf polarity, promoting further flattening growth of leaves.
This paper proposes a new method of constructing a compensation filter for the modulated wideband converter (MWC) system. The proposed method can be directly used in the MWC circuit without ...disconnecting any components. Furthermore, the non-ideal transfer characteristics of the real mixer output and the real ADC input are taken into account in the proposed compensation filter. The proposed method can be utilized in the advanced MWC that enables more flexibility in the design parameters of the MWC. This paper also demonstrates the reconstruction of the Bluetooth signal as a practical example for the evaluation of the reconstruction performance. The MWC successfully reconstructs the time-domain waveform of the signal based on the proposed compensation filter. Even in the case that the total effective number of channels in MWC is small as close to the necessary condition of the MWC, the error vector magnitude (EVM) was still under 1%, which is acceptable for Bluetooth device testing applications.
A key innovation in leaf evolution is the acquisition of a flat lamina with adaxial-abaxial polarity, which optimizes the primary function of photosynthesis. The developmental mechanism behind leaf ...adaxial-abaxial polarity specification and flat lamina formation has long been of interest to biologists. Surgical and genetic studies proposed a conceptual model wherein a signal derived from the shoot apical meristem is necessary for adaxial-abaxial polarity specification, and subsequent lamina outgrowth is promoted at the juxtaposition of adaxial and abaxial identities. Several distinct regulators involved in leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity specification and lamina outgrowth have been identified. Analyses of these genes demonstrated that the mutual antagonistic interactions between adaxial and abaxial determinants establish polarity and define the boundary between two domains, along which lamina outgrowth regulators function. Evolutionary developmental studies on diverse leaf forms of angiosperms proposed that alteration to the adaxial-abaxial patterning system can be a major driving force in the generation of diverse leaf forms, as represented by 'unifacial leaves', in which leaf blades have only the abaxial identity. Interestingly, unifacial leaf blades become flattened, in spite of the lack of adaxial-abaxial juxtaposition. Modification of the adaxial-abaxial patterning system is also utilized to generate complex organ morphologies, such as stamens. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the genetic mechanisms underlying leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity specification and lamina outgrowth, with emphasis on the genetic basis of the evolution and diversification of leaves.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this paper, we focus on ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for infrastructural health monitoring, especially for the monitoring of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge slab. Due to the demand of noncontact ...and high-speed monitoring technique which can handle vast amounts of aging infrastructures, GPR is a promising tool. However, because radar images consist of many reflected waves, they are usually difficult to interpret. Furthermore, the spatial resolution of system is not enough considering the thickness of target damages, cracks, and segregation are millimeter-to-centimeter order while the wavelength of ordinary GPR ultrahigh-frequency band is over 10 cm. To address these problems, for the purpose of sensitive damage detection, we propose a new algorithm based on deconvolution utilizing a super high-frequency (SHF) band system. First, a distribution of reflection coefficient is inversely estimated by 1-D bridge slab model. Because concrete is found to be a lossy medium at SHF band, we consider the attenuation of signal in deconvolution. The algorithm is called "time-variant deconvolution" in this paper. After the validation by simulation, the effects of the algorithm and frequency band on damage detection accuracy are evaluated by a field experiment. Though the results show a 1-mm horizontal crack is not detected by measured waves, when it is filled with water, it is detected by time-variant deconvolution. Moreover, the 1-mm dried crack is detected only by time-variant deconvolution at SHF band, which greatly emphasizes the peaks of the reflection coefficient of the crack.
The Modulated Wideband Converter (MWC) is one of the promising sub-Nyquist sampling architectures for sparse wideband signal sensing applications. Its frequency support detection and the ...reconstruction ability is well-defined through compressed sensing theory. However, the reconstruction performance of the MWC is strictly limited by the non-ideal components in practical implementations. Previous calibration methods exploit sequential single-tone signals to estimate the actual transfer function of the MWC, which is fairly time-consuming. We propose a new calibration method that estimates the actual sensing matrix coefficients of the MWC only with a single measurement based on a pilot multi-tone signal. The feasibility of the proposed calibration method is demonstrated in terms of normalized mean square error (NMSE) and image rejection ratio (IRR) of the reconstructed original signal.
In this article, an algorithm for detecting subsurface voids under the road from ground penetrating radar images is proposed. A multichannel radar system mounted on vehicle enables dense and ...highspeed monitoring. The novelty of the algorithm is a unique ElectroMagnetic simulation method and state-of-the-art deep learning technique to consider three-dimensional (3-D) reflection patterns of voids. To train deep learning models, 3-D reflection patterns were reproduced by 2-D finite difference time domain method to drastically reduce the calculation cost. Hyperboloid reflection patterns of voids were extracted by 3-D convolutional neural network (3D-CNN). The classification accuracy of 3D-CNN was up to <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">90</tex-math></inline-formula>%, about 10% improvement compared to previous 2D-CNN to demonstrate the effectiveness of 3-D subsurface sensing and detection. The results were validated by real void measurement data. After applying trained 3D-CNN to radar data, regions of voids were plotted in a 3-D map, offering clear visualization of areas of voids.
The emergence of macrolide-resistant Bordetella pertussis (MRBP) is a significant problem because it reduces treatment options for pertussis and exacerbates the severity and spread of the disease. ...MRBP has been widely prevalent in mainland China since the 2010s and has been sporadically detected in other Asian countries. In Japan, two MRBP clinical strains were first isolated in Tokyo and Osaka between June and July 2018. The isolates BP616 in Osaka and BP625 in Tokyo harbored the same virulence-associated allelic genes (including ptxP1, ptxA1, prn1, fim3A, and fhaB3) and MT195 genotype and exhibited similar antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. However, despite their simultaneous occurrence, a distinguishable epidemiological link between these isolates could not be established. To gain further insight into the genetic relationship between these isolates in this study, we performed whole-genome analyses. Phylogenetic analysis based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms revealed that the isolates belonged to one of the three clades of Chinese MRBP isolates, but there were 11 single-nucleotide polymorphism differences between BP616 and BP625. Genome structure analysis revealed two large inversions (202 and 523 kbp) and one small transposition (3.8 kbp) between the genomes. These findings indicate that the two Japanese MRBP isolates are closely related to Chinese MRBP isolates but are genomically distinct, suggesting that they were introduced into Japan from mainland China through different transmission routes.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The treatment for lymph node involvement (LNI) after radical prostatectomy (RP) has not been established. This study aimed to reveal the outcomes of various management strategies among patients with ...LNI after RP. Retrospectively, 561 patients with LNI after pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) with RP treated between 2006 and 2019 at 33 institutions participating in the Japanese Urological Oncology Group were investigated. Metastasis‐free survival (MFS) was the primary outcome. Patients were stratified by prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) persistence after RP. Cox regression models were used to analyze the relationships between clinicopathological characteristics and survival. Survival analyses were conducted using the Kaplan‐Meier method and log‐rank test with or without propensity score matching. Prognoses, including MFS and overall survival, were prominently inferior among patients with persistent PSA compared with those without persistent PSA. In multivariate analysis, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) plus radiotherapy (RT) was associated with better MFS than ADT alone among patients with persistent PSA (hazard ratio = 0.37; 95% confidence interval = 0.15‐0.93; p = 0.034). Similarly, MFS and overall survival were significantly better for ADT plus RT than for ADT alone among patients with persistent PSA after propensity score matching. This study indicated that PSA persistence in LNI prostate cancer increased the risk of poor prognoses, and intensive treatment featuring the addition of RT to ADT might improve survival.
The treatment for lymph node involvement (LNI) after radical prostatectomy (RP) among patients with persistent prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) after RP has not been established. Here, the outcomes of various management strategies among patients with LNI after RP were investigated. This study indicated that PSA persistence in LNI prostate cancer increased the risk of poor prognoses, and intensive treatment featuring the addition of RT to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) might improve survival.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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