Parameters representing leaf photosynthetic capacity, namely, the maximal carboxylation rate (Vcmax), maximal electron transport rate (Jmax), and triose phosphate-utilization rate (Tp), can vary ...depending on various factors. The present study investigated diurnal variations in Vcmax, Jmax, and Tp of uppermost leaves of soil-grown, well-watered eggplant in a greenhouse based on the simultaneous measurements of leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence. The values of net photosynthetic rates and electron transport rates plotted against intercellular CO2 concentrations were noticeably higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Significant differences were detected among the values of Vcmax, Jmax, and Tp obtained at different times of day (08:30, 11:00, 13:30, and 16:00 h). All three parameters tended to decline as the time of day advanced; compared to the values at 08:30 h, Vcmax, Jmax, and Tp declined by approximately 15% at 16:00 h. Among the three parameters, Tp appeared to be the most sensitive to time.
We measured a set of π±Σ∓, π0Σ0, and π−Σ0 invariant mass spectra below and above the K¯N mass threshold in K−-induced reactions on deuteron. The measured πΣ mass spectral shape is well reproduced via ...the two-step mechanism, i.e., a neutron knocked out at a forward angle from a deuteron by an incident K−, with the K¯ recoiled backward reacting with the residual nucleon to produce π and Σ. We deduced the S-wave K¯N→πΣ and K¯N→K¯N scattering amplitudes in the isospin 0 channel in the framework of a K¯N and πΣ coupled channel. We find that a resonance pole corresponding to Λ(1405) is located at 1417.7−7.4+6.0 (fitting errors)−1.0+1.1 (systematic errors) + −26.1−7.9+6.0 (fitting errors)−2.0+1.7 (systematic errors) i MeV/c2, closer to the K¯N mass threshold than the value determined by the Particle Data Group.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Patient satisfaction is an important outcome of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, we cannot predict how and why patients are satisfied or dissatisfied with TKA. The hypothesis of this study was ...that patient-reported outcomes (PROs) correlate with in vivo kinematics after TKA.
One hundred knees were analyzed after TKA. The in vivo kinematics of deep knee bending motion were estimated from single-plane fluoroscopy using a two-to-three-dimensional registration technique. Active knee flexion, femoral rotation and rollback were evaluated. The PROs were obtained after surgery using the 2011 Knee Society Scoring System (KSS), and their relationship with in vivo kinematics was determined.
The average minimum and maximum flexion were -2.4 ± 7.3° and 113.2 ± 13.6°, respectively. The average femoral rotation was 7.4 ± 3.4°, and the average medial and lateral rollback were 2.4 ± 4.8 mm and 7.2 ± 5.6 mm, respectively. The multiple regression analysis revealed that the maximum flexion angle significantly contributed to symptoms and satisfaction. In addition, lateral rollback was also a significant factor affecting patient satisfaction. Lateral rollback and lateral Anterior-Posterior (AP) position at maximum flexion were correlated with the maximum flexion angle, whereas femoral rotation did not correlate with flexion angles.
Maximum flexion and lateral rollback are important for better patient satisfaction after TKA. To obtain the maximum flexion angle, it was necessary to perform the normal kinematic pattern with a large amount of lateral rollback.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
We investigate the finite size effect on the vector meson and the baryon sectors using a subset of the "PACS10" configurations which are generated, keeping the space-time volumes over (10 fm)4 in 2 + ...1 flavor QCD at the physical point. Comparing the results on (5.5 fm)4 and (10.9 fm)4 lattices, the ground states of octet baryons, which are stable on the lattice, show no finite size effect within less than 0.5% level of statistical errors. For those of vector mesons, which are unstable on the lattice, we observe that the effective masses are well below the experimental resonance levels both on (5.5 fm)4 and (10.9 fm)4 lattices. For the decuplet baryon sector, we have found that the time dependence of the effective mass looks quite similar to that for the vector meson sector, including the Ω baryon channel. We discuss its origin due to a possible mixing with the nearby multihadron states. Since the Ξ baryon mass can be determined with the smallest ambiguity among the vector meson and the baryon masses, we use it together with the pion and kaon masses as the physical inputs to determine the physical point.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
We have developed a ultraslow muon simulation for measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic moment at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). The experiment will be conducted at new ...muon beamline (H-line) at Materials and Life Science facility (MLF) in J-PARC. H-line provides surface muons that thermailizes in a silica aerogel target to form muonium. The generated muoniums are ionized by laser and ultraslow muons are generated. The ultraslow muons are extracted by an electrostatic accelerator and injecteced to a muon linac. This paper describes the simulation for the surface muons, muonium production, and electrostatic acceleration.
Mitochondrial disorders have the highest incidence among congenital metabolic diseases, and are thought to occur at a rate of 1 in 5000 births. About 25% of the diseases diagnosed as mitochondrial ...disorders in the field of pediatrics have mitochondrial DNA abnormalities, while the rest occur due to defects in genes encoded in the nucleus. The most important function of the mitochondria is biosynthesis of ATP. Mitochondrial disorders are nearly synonymous with mitochondrial respiratory chain disorder, as respiratory chain complexes serve a central role in ATP biosynthesis. By next-generation sequencing of the exome, we analyzed 104 patients with mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. The results of analysis to date were 18 patients with novel variants in genes previously reported to be disease-causing, and 27 patients with mutations in genes suggested to be associated in some way with mitochondria, and it is likely that they are new disease-causing genes in mitochondrial disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Aim
To investigate the influence of elastic modulus mismatch between tooth and post and core restorations on mechanisms of root fracture.
Methodology
Three‐dimensional mathematical models of a root ...filled maxillary premolar tooth with supporting periodontium were constructed. The tooth was restored with a cast Ni–Cr alloy or fibre‐reinforced composite post and core that was bonded or nonbonded to dentine. In the nonbonded simulation, a nonlinear contact analysis was executed to simulate a friction and a potential sliding phenomenon in the interface between tooth and post and core. Risks of root fracture and debonding at the bonded interface were estimated based on the principal stress of the root and the shear stress on the interface, respectively.
Results
The fracture risk of the bonded cast post and core was lower than that of the composite post and core, although the cast restoration exhibited eight times greater stress than the composite. The risk of root fracture based on the tensile stress of the tooth structures was higher with the bonded composite post and core than that with the cast post and core. These stresses doubled when the restorations were not bonded to the tooth structures. The risk of debonding of the cast post and core based on the shear stress was approximately twice that of the composite post and core.
Conclusions
The elastic modulus mismatch appears to be a factor responsible for the debonding of post and cores from root canals, with the potential to increase the risk of root fracture indirectly.
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BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A Pt-deposited carbon nanotube (CNT) shows higher performance than a commercial Pt-deposited carbon black (CB) with reducing 60% Pt load per electrode area in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) ...below 500
mA/cm
2. K
2PtCl
4 and H
2PtCl
6·6(H
2O) are used for the Pt deposition onto multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs), which are produced by the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons. The electric power densities produced using the Pt/CNT electrodes are greater than that of the Pt/CB by a factor of two to four on the basis of the Pt load per power. CNTs are thus found to be a good support of Pt particles for PEFC electrodes. TEM images show 2–4-nm Pt nanoparticles dispersed on the CNT surfaces. These high performances are considered to be due to the efficient formation of the triple-phase boundaries of gas–electrode–electrolyte. The mechanisms of Pt deposition are discussed for these Pt-deposited CNTs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
We have recently experienced several heavy snowfall events, but still do not sufficiently understand how global warming will impact changes in local extreme snowfall events. The analysis relevant to ...the extreme events requires ensemble experiments with high‐resolution regional climate modeling. In this study, we use a large number of ensemble warming projections downscaled dynamically to 5‐km grids to examine the differences in distribution and mechanism in extreme snowfall events over Japan between present and future climates. Japan has two typical snowfall patterns, the winter monsoon and the south coast cyclone patterns. The domain‐averaged amount of extreme snowfall in the south coast cyclone pattern regions appear to decrease with the rise in temperatures. Meanwhile, the winter monsoon pattern regions showed little change as the increases in extreme snowfall in the mountainous areas are canceled out by the decrease in the coastal areas. Based on the existing mechanism of normal snowfall, the increase in mountain snow is caused by a temporary intensification of cold air outbreaks. The amount of the cold air blowing from Japan Sea clearly increases only during the days preceding the extreme snowfall event, and as the cold dry air obtains more latent heat over the ocean, the precipitable water vapor increases. The winter monsoon then transports this air over land where the intensification of precipitation results from orographic updraft. This sequence of processes beginning with cold air outbreaks may have a stronger control over extreme snowfall phenomena on the warmer field.
Key Points
We examined a mechanism for extreme snowfall events with a new ensemble data set for Japan
Large‐scale ensemble 5‐km grid simulations were conducted with a regional climate model
Future cold air outbreaks increase extreme snowfall events over the mountains of Japan on the side of the Sea of Japan
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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