Apart from transparent conductors, the demand for nontransparent black insulators in the electronic display industry is significant. The development of these dark insulators requires sophisticated ...material designs. This study shows that narrow‐gap‐oxide‐based nanoscale cermets with nonequilibrium phases which decompose into metal and oxide phases have both the insulative character and a stronger and less‐dispersive absorption than graphite throughout the visible range. Herein, the cases of pulsed‐laser‐deposition‐derived Ag–Fe2O3 and Cu–Bi2O3 systems are shown. The combination of the interband absorption of the narrow‐gap oxides and the plasmonic absorption of the metals provides strong optical absorption throughout the visible range. Because they create diffusion at the edge of the interband absorption and the peaks of the plasmonic absorption, the nonequilibrium phases make the absorption less dispersive. By preventing the mutual contact of the metal grains, they also make the cermets electrically insulative. This new approach has the potential to produce excellent black and insulating optical coatings using a variety of combinations of metals and ceramics for touch panel displays.
Ag–Fe2O3 thin films show strong absorption which is less wavelength‐dispersive in the visible range while being electrically insulative in character. This unique absorption character results from the nanoscale mixing of the metallic and Fe2O3 phases. The nonequilibrium Ag–Fe–O phase prevents the percolation of the metallic phase, resulting in the insulative character.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This study focused on flood damage assessment for future floods under the impact of climate change. Four river basins of Southeast Asia were selected for the study. They included the Pampanga River ...Basin (PRB) in the Philippines, the Solo River Basin (SRB) in Indonesia, the Lower Mekong River Basin (LMRB) in Cambodia and Vietnam, and the Chao Phraya River Basin (CPRB) in Thailand. Flood damage to rice crops was assessed by flood damage functions considering flood depth and duration and the growth stage of rice plants. Flood characteristics such as flood depth, duration, and distribution were computed using the rainfall–runoff–inundation model to assess flood hazards under the present and future climatic conditions produced by MRI-AGCM3.2S. The damage assessment methodology for rice crops employed in this study was verified using data on past flood events. Then, flood damage assessment was conducted for both the present climate (1979–2003) and future climate (2075–2099) conditions, using MRI-AGCM3.2S precipitation datasets. Flood damage was assessed for worst cases chosen from each climate period and for floods of 50- and 100-year return periods with different rainfall patterns chosen from each climate scenario. The results of flood hazard and damage assessment show that the flood inundation area for a 100-year flood may increase in the future by 20% in PRB; by 66% in SRB; by 27% in LMRB; and by 27% in CPRB. The flood damage area of paddy fields for a 100-year flood may also increase in the future by 16% in PRB; by 55% in SRB; by 23% in LMRB; and by 13% in CPRB.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Black antireflective (AR) coatings with electric insulative properties are required to improve the visibility of touch panel displays in the turned-on state and their appearance in the turned-off ...state. In this study, multilayer black AR stacks comprised of black insulative Ag–Fe–O, high-n TiO2, and low-n SiOxNy were constructed by optical simulation and prepared using RF magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition. For the stacking model with five layers, the calculations show an excellent low reflectance of below 0.15% over the whole visible range with a transmittance of 0.002%. A simulation of the three-layered model indicated that the average reflectance can be reduced from over 43% for a monolayer to 3% with a reasonable average transmittance of 15% for display applications. RF magnetron sputtering, an industrial friendly method, was used to prepare the black insulative Ag–Fe–O in the AR stack for the first time. The Ag–Fe–O thin films deposited at 200–300 °C show both a large and constant absorption coefficient over the whole visible range and an acceptable high sheet resistance. The black AR stack was comprised of the black insulative Ag–Fe–O prepared at 250 °C by RF magnetron sputtering. The observed reflectance is in good agreement with the simulated model. These results indicate the high potential of the black Ag–Fe–O films for use in AR black coatings in touch panel displays for a visually attractive turn-off appearance.
Antireflection coatings with optically black layers bring a classy turn‐off appearance to electronic displays. The black layers used in capacitive touch‐panel displays are required to have a large ...absorption coefficient throughout the visible range, a small wavelength dispersion for absorption, and electrically insulative properties. In article number 2000160, Akihiro Ishii, Mina Yamaguchi and co‐workers report an optically black and electrically insulating thin film with nanostructured Ag–Fe–O phases. The authors’ approach to simultaneously enhancing optical density and electrical resistivity, which are known for their trade‐off relationship, has great potential in the many industries which utilize display panels.
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Growth inhibitors were isolated from an arctic strain of Trichoderma polysporum, and the structures were elucidated and the in vitro inhibitory effects of these compounds against Pythium iwayamai ...were investigated. Eleven compounds were isolated; four showed a concentration-dependent growth-inhibitory effect against P. iwayamai. None of these compounds have been reported previously as substances with antimicrobial activity against P. iwayamai. One of these four compounds inhibited the growth of the pathogen at 33 μg ml(-1) concentration during a 15-day incubation at 20 °C. This effect was comparable to that of chloroneb (1: 1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene), a fungicide with activity against P. iwayamai. Thus, the results of the present study show that the arctic strain of T. polysporum can be an effective source of antibiotics with activity against the snow rot pathogen, P. iwayamai.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
TThe species temperature index (STI), which is the mean temperature of the distribution area for bird species, has been calculated to evaluate the response of birds to climate change. In Japan, the ...STI for the breeding season has been calculated based on the results of the “Japan Breeding Bird Atlas.” Since the effects of climate change are more pronounced during the wintering season of birds (Lehikoinen et al. 2021), it is important to know the STI for the wintering season in Japan. We surveyed to determine the wintering distribution of birds in Japan between January 2016 and February 2022. However, the 40 km grid to collect distribution information used in this survey included areas of low to high elevation in the steep terrain of Japan which made the temperature differences within the grid too large to show STI. Since the Japanese archipelago extends from southwest to northeast, the distribution of any bird species in the Japanese archipelago can be indicated by the value obtained by adding latitude and longitude. Therefore, we calculated ”Latitude-Longitude Index” values that describe the distribution of various bird species during the wintering season in Japan to replace the STI. Here we present this method and propose it is a useful approach for studying the effects of climate change on birds.
Plastic injection molding (PIM) is a manufacturing technology to plastic products, and it is important to determine optimal process parameters for high product quality and high productivity. Weldline ...that are formed when two or more melt fronts meet should be reduced for high strength and high surface quality. Rapid heating cycle molding (RHCM) that the mold is heated up is an attracted PIM technology for weldline reduction, but long cycle time is generally required. In this paper, an RHCM incorporating a heater system is used, and the process parameters optimization is performed. To determine the optimal process parameters, multi-objective optimization for minimizing both weldline and cycle time is considered. The numerical simulation in RHCM is computationally so expensive that sequential approximate optimization that the response surface is repeatedly constructed and optimized is adopted for the design optimization. The pareto-frontier is identified through the numerical simulation, and the experiment using PIM machine (MS100, Sodick) is also conducted. It is found from the numerical and experimental result that the RHCM using the heater system is effective to the weldline reduction.
Diruthenium imido dihydride complexes (Cp*Ru)2(μ-NAr)(μ-H)2 (Ar = Ph (2a), p-MeOC6H4 (2b), p-ClC6H4 (2c), 2,6-Me2C6H3 (2d); Cp* = η5-C5Me5) have been synthesized by hydrogenation of the ...corresponding bis(amido) complexes Cp*Ru(μ-NHAr)2 (1a–d). Reductive elimination of the N–H bond from 2a–c in the presence of arene yields the amido hydride complexes (Cp*Ru)2(μ-NHAr)(μ-H)(μ-η2:η2-arene) containing a π-bound arene. The rate and kinetic isotope effect for this reaction are consistent with a mechanism involving initial rate-determining reductive elimination of an N–H bond to produce the coordinatively unsaturated amido hydride species {(Cp*Ru)2(μ-NHAr)(μ-H)} (A) followed by rapid trapping of this species by an arene. The existence of A is also supported by the reversible interconversion of (Cp*Ru)2(μ-NHPh)(μ-H)(μ-η2:η2-C7H8) with the tetranuclear complex (Cp*Ru)4(μ4-NHPh)(μ-NHPh)(μ-H)2 (4), a dimerization product of A through a μ4-NHPh bridge. DFT calculations provide structures of A and transition states for the N–H reductive elimination. Two distinct reaction pathways are found for the N–H reductive elimination, one of which involves direct migration of a μ-hydride to the μ-NAr ligand, and the other involves formation of a transient terminal hydride species.
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