In the present review, five well-established groups of lab-made SPME coatings materials including metal organic frameworks (MOFs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), molecular imprinted polymers ...(MIPs), conductive polymers (CPs), ionic liquids (ILs), and all their derivations have been evaluated comprehensively, and their unique features, well-proven significant extraction performances as well as drawbacks have been also examined. This paper aims to give a comprehensive overview of what these materials are, why they are proper choices for SPME coatings, and what strengths and drawbacks have been associated with their usage as SPME coatings. Moreover, the present review provides information about the perspective developments regarding SPME coating materials.
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•Five groups of materials, used commonly as home-made SPME coatings, have been reviewed.•Metal organic frameworks and layered double hydroxides as coating in SPME were reviewed.•Applications of molecular imprinted polymers, conductive polymers and ionic liquid in SPME were discussed.•Unique features of each class of materials as SPME coatings were discussed.•Current free spaces for further studies regarding SPME coating purpose have been reviewed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Development of magnetic nanomaterials has greatly promoted the innovation of in-tube solid-phase microextraction. This review article gives an insight into recent advances in the modifications and ...applications of magnetic nanomaterials for in-tube solid-phase microextraction. Also, different magnetic nanomaterials which have recently been utilized as in-tube solid-phase microextraction sorbents are classified. This study shows that magnetic nanomaterials have gained significant attention owing to large specific surface area, selective absorption, and surface modification. Magnetic in-tube solid-phase microextraction has been applied for the analysis of food samples, biological, and environmental. However, for full development of magnetic in-tube SPME, effort is still needed to overcome limitations, such as mechanical stability, selectivity and low extraction efficiency. To achieve these objectives, research on magnetic in-tube SPME is mainly focused in the preparation of new extractive phases.
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•Four groups of materials, used as coatings for magnetic in-tube SPME, were reviewed.•Silica and layered double hydroxides as coatings in magnetic in-tube SPME were investigated.•The roles of variable magnetic field in magnetic in-tube SPME are described.•Magnetic in-tube SPME techniques as well-known sample preparation methods were described.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) has become a very popular environmentally benign sample-preparation technique, because it is fast, inexpensive, easy to operate with a high enrichment ...factor and consumes low volume of organic solvent. DLLME is a modified solvent extraction method in which acceptor-to-donor phase ratio is greatly reduced compared with other methods. In this review, in order to encourage further development of DLLME, its combination with different analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET AAS) will be discussed. Also, its applications in conjunction with different extraction techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), solidification of floating organic drop (SFO) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) are summarized. This review focuses on the extra steps in sample preparation for application of DLLME in different matrixes such as food, biological fluids and solid samples. Further, the recent developments in DLLME are presented. DLLME does have some limitations, which will also be discussed in detail. Finally, an outlook on the future of the technique will be given.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•Sample preparation is an important issue in analytical chemistry.•Application of electrical potential reduces time and enhances selectivity in sample preparation.•Review provides an overview of ...principles and applications of electrical fields in sample preparation.•Advantages, disadvantages and point to the corresponding limitations of these techniques are discussed.•Review is interested for readers that are appreciated to field of electrochemically modulated extractions.
Sample preparation is an important issue in analytical chemistry, and is often a bottleneck in chemical analysis. So, the major incentive for the recent research has been to attain faster, simpler, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly sample preparation methods. The use of auxiliary energies, such as heat, ultrasound, and microwave, is one of the strategies that have been employed in sample preparation to reach the above purposes. Application of electrical driving force is the current state-of-the-art, which presents new possibilities for simplifying and shortening the sample preparation process as well as enhancing its selectivity. The electrical driving force has scarcely been utilized in comparison with other auxiliary energies. In this review, the different roles of electrical driving force (as a powerful auxiliary energy) in various extraction techniques, including liquid-, solid-, and membrane-based methods, have been taken into consideration. Also, the references have been made available, relevant to the developments in separation techniques and Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems. All aspects of electrical driving force in extraction and separation methods are too specific to be treated in this contribution. However, the main aim of this review is to provide a brief knowledge about the different fields of analytical chemistry, with an emphasis on the latest efforts put into the electrically assisted membrane-based sample preparation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches as well as the new achievements in these areas have been discussed, which might be helpful for further progress in the future.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Nowadays, in situ analysis attracts the interests and becomes one of the main purposes in analytical chemistry. Design of portable analysis devices facilitates reaching this goal. An ideal analysis ...system contains different parts enabling extraction, detection and quantification of target analytes. Preparation of a portable quantification approach is a bottle neck in such system creation. Common lab analysis instruments do not have the transportation ability and using these facilities limits the complete in situ analysis. Smartphones are the modern life phenomena and their usage becomes more widespread, every day. Their abilities and features are also swiftly developed. There are several strategies making the smartphone a suitable quantifier. This paper provides an overview of the currently applications of smartphones in analytical chemistry. Different applications of smartphones including optical detection (colorimetric, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and photoluminescence detections, pixelation as well as label-free detection), electrochemical detection, barcode reading, chemometric applications and smartphone imaging with fluorescence microscopy were classified and advantages and disadvantages of each approach were investigated. This modern common item could be a new part of analytical chemistry.
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•This paper provides an overview of the currently applications of smartphones in analytical chemistry.•The focus is on the application of smartphones as detector and quantifier, data processor and system controller.•Strategies for using smartphones for quantitative analysis were reviewed.•All stategies were done to gaine a concentration dependence data via the smartphone.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This paper presents an overview of the more recent applications of solid-phase extraction (SPE, from January 2015 to September 2018, which have been recorded in Web of Science) in preparation of food ...and environmental samples. First, the history, milestones, principles, and features of different formats of SPE are discussed. In addition, miniaturization of SPE techniques and comparison of classical SPE and miniaturized SPE—called dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (D-μ-SPE)—are covered. Next, the published applications in extraction and separation of diverse organic and inorganic analytes from a variety of food and environmental samples are classified on the basis of their sorbents including layered double hydroxide, metal organic frameworks, carbon nanotube-based sorbents, graphene-based sorbents, β-cyclodextrin-based sorbents, dendrimer-based sorbents, molecular or ion recognition sorbents, and restricted access materials. Finally, the future trends in this area are discussed.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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In this work, the bio-nanohybrids of magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxide intercalated with zwitterionic histidine (His-LDH) was synthesized. The crystal phase, morphology, and ...nanostructure of the as-prepared His-LDH were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption methods. The His-LDHs were used to remove anionic dyes, including Congo red (CR), indigo carmine (IC) and sunset yellow FCF (SY) from aqueous solutions. The detailed investigation of the kinetics and the adsorption isotherms of CR, IC and SY from aqueous solutions showed that the dyes adsorb rapidly, in accordance with a pseudo-second-order kinetics and a Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. The remarkably high adsorption capacity of the dyes on the His-LDH (efficiency of CR removal, 99.98%; maximum specific removal qmax, 1112 mg g−1; efficiency of IC removal, 98.98%; qmax, 625 mg g−1; and efficiency of SY removal, 99.78%; qmax, 400 mg g−1) is rationalized on the basis of electrostatic interactions as well as π-π and H-bonding interactions between the His-LDH adsorbent and the acidic dyes. Adsorption experiments indicate that the resulting His-LDH has great potential applications as an environmentally friendly material for the swift removal of acidic dyes from aqueous solutions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
A CuCr-layered double hydroxide nanosheet intercalated with terephthalic acid (TPA/LDH) was introduced as a coating for the in-tube solid phase microextraction (IT-SPME). The coating was placed on ...the inner surface of a stainless steel tube by using two-electrode electrodeposition. The sorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The TPA/LDH coating, compared to a nitrate-LDH coating, exhibits enhanced extraction efficiency, long lifetime, good mechanical stability, and a large specific surface. The method was used for the extraction, preconcentration, and subsequent HPLC-based determination of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diallyl phthalate (DAP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). The effects of pH value of the solution, salt concentration, extraction and desorption conditions, and the effect of the alcohol content of the solution on the extraction efficiency were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the response is linear in the 0.05 to 1000 μg L
−1
ester concentration range, and the limits of detection (at S/
N
= 3) range between 0.01 to 0.1 μg L
−1
. The inter- and intra-assay precisions (RSD%, for
n
= 3) range from 3.8 to 6.8% and from 3.5 to 5.7%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of four phthalate esters in different beverage samples.
Graphical abstract
A CuCr-layered double hydroxide nanosheet intercalated with terephthalic acid was used as a coating for in-tube solid phase microextraction of some phthalate esters from beverage samples.
•A graphene/polyvinylchloride nanocomposite was coated on a stainless steel.•It was applied for headspace solid phase microextraction of phthalate esters.•The analysis of the extracted phthalate ...esters was performed by GC-FID.•Optimization of the extraction process was carried out using the response surface method.•Good recoveries in real samples indicating the absence of matrix effects in the method.
In the current study, a graphene/polyvinylchloride nanocomposite was successfully coated on a stainless steel substrate by a simple dip coating process and used as a novel headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) fiber for the extraction of phthalate esters (PEs) from drinking water and edible vegetable oil samples. The prepared SPME fibers exhibited high extractability for PEs (due to the dominant role of π-π stacking interactions and hydrophobic effects) yielding good sensitivity and precision when followed by a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The optimization strategy of the extraction process was carried out using the response surface method based on a central composite design. The developed method gave a low limit of detection (0.06–0.08μgL−1) and good linearity (0.2–100μgL−1) for the determination of the PEs under the optimized conditions (extraction temperature, 70±1°C; extraction time, 35min; salt concentration, 30% w/v; stirring rate, 900rpm; desorption temperature, 230°C; and desorption time, 4min) whereas the repeatability and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility were in the range 6.1–7.8% and 8.9–10.2%, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of PEs in drinking water and edible oil samples with good recoveries (87–112%) and satisfactory precisions (RSDs<8.3%), indicating the absence of matrix effects in the proposed HS-SPME method.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Schiff base network-1 (SNW-1), as a new generation of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), was synthesized and modified by fabrication of a composite with graphene oxide (GO). The fabricated ...nanocomposite was characterized with FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, TGA, and the nitrogen adsorption–desorption technique. Characterization results showed that SNW-1 can reduce GO during the fabrication procedure and produce an effective and stable nanocomposite. This nanocomposite was deposited on the surface of a stainless steel wire via a single phase inversion method with the help of polyethersulfone, as a porous adhesive material. This robust and stable coating was used for head space solid-phase microextraction of phthalate esters (PhEs) from water samples. Determination of the PhEs was performed with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. SNW-1 is N-rich, and reduced-GO is full of hexagonal conjugated rings. Therefore, due to hydrogen binding and π-interaction, the coating has a high tendency to PhEs. Effective adsorption and desorption parameters were optimized. The performance of the method was evaluated in terms of linear ranges (LRs from 0.05 to 100 μg L
−1
with
R
2
≥ 0.9942) and limits of detection (LODs in the range of 0.01–0.50 μg L
−1
). The average repeatability and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility were 6.8% and 9.2%, respectively. The method was employed to trace determination of PhEs in drinking water and pickled cucumber solution with good recovery (80.5–111.0%) and reliable reproducibility (5.5–9.5%).
Graphical abstract
Schematic representation of headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) of phthalate esters (PhEs) from pickled cucumber solution and determination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
