The heat transfer characteristics of incomprehensible magnetohydrodynamic electroosmotic flow through a two-dimensional rectangular microchannel are studied theoretically, and we ...consider electromagnetic effect under the combined electrokinetic effect by applying a lateral electric field and a vertical magnetic field to existing axial electric field. To maintain the flow, pressure gradient is also provided. The effect of viscous dissipation combined with Joule heating and electromagnetic coupling heat is also taken into consideration under the boundary assumption of uniform wall heat flux. The analytical expression of non-dimensional velocity in rectangular microchannel is obtained, from which non-dimensional temperature and Nusselt number are derived. Through theoretical analysis and numerical calculation, these dimensionless physical quantities are graphically discussed by different parameter values, such as Hartmann number Ha, Brinkman number Br and parameter S (denoting the intensity of the lateral electric field). The results show that the lateral electric field has obvious effect in controlling the flow. Without the applied lateral electric field, the normal velocity gradually decreases with Ha. In the presence of imposed lateral electric field, with the increase of Hartmann number Ha, both the variation profiles of velocity and temperature fields show increasing–decreasing trend, the threshold value is determined by a so-called critical Hartmann number, whereas Nu profile has the adverse trend. Finally, we also discuss the impacts of the viscous dissipation on the thermal transport processes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Complement component 3 (C3) is the key molecule of the three pathways of complement activation (alternative, classical, and lectin pathways), which are involved in phagocytosis, inflammation, and ...immunoregulation processes to destroy infectious microorganisms. In this study, three novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (g.-1293C>G located in the 5'-flanking region, g.56T>C in exon I, and g.7017C>T in exon XII) of the C3 gene were detected using created restriction site polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and DNA sequencing in 952 cattle from three Chinese breeds. The genotypes and haplotypes were analyzed to investigate the polymorphisms and their possible implications, with particular investigative focus on their associations with serum C3 level, complement hemolytic activity (CH50 and ACH50), and milk production traits. The g.56T>C SNP in exon I affected the serum ACH50 (P<0.01) and the milk somatic cell score (SCS) (PT SNP in exon XII significantly affected the serum ACH50 values (P0.05). The C3 expression levels were significantly increased in lung and mammary tissues (P<0.05), while significantly decreased in heart, spleen, liver, and kidney tissues in mastitis cows compared with those in healthy animals (P<0.01), respectively. Bacterial counts of serum antibacterial activities were also completed to verify the effect of SNPs on resistance to mastitis pathogens. Genetically resistant cows (CCC/GCC) had serum with noticeably higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli in vitro than the genetically susceptible CCC/GTT cows (P<0.05). Results from this study imply that the C3 gene plays a role in resistance to bacterial infection and that it can be used as a molecular marker for complement activity and traits related to milk production.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Vascular retinopathy is a pathological change in the retina caused by ocular or systemic vascular diseases that can lead to blurred vision and the risk of blindness. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides ...(LBPs) are extracted from the fruit of traditional Chinese medicine, L. barbarum. They have strong biological activities, including immune regulation, antioxidation, and neuroprotection, and have been shown to improve vision in numerous studies. At present, there is no systematic literature review of LBPs on vascular retinal prevention and treatment. We review the structural characterization and extraction methods of LBPs, focus on the mechanism and pharmacokinetics of LBPs in improving vascular retinopathy, and discuss the future clinical application and lack of work. LBPs are involved in the regulation of VEGF, Rho/ROCK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Nrf2/HO-1, AGEs/RAGE signaling pathways, which can alleviate the occurrence and development of vascular retinal diseases in an inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and neuroprotection. LBPs are mainly absorbed by the small intestine and stomach and excreted through urine and feces. Their low bioavailability in vivo has led to the development of novel dosage forms, including multicompartment delivery systems and scaffolds. Data from the literature confirm the medicinal potential of LBPs as a new direction for the prevention and complementary treatment of vascular retinopathy.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of Notoginsenoside Fc (Fc) from panax notoginseng leaves. The experiment ...utilized a Box-Behnken design (BBD) and separation conditions were optimized. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time = 1.5 h, ethanol concentration = 86%, liquid-to-solid ratio = 19:1. The experimentally obtained values were in accordance with the values predicted by the RSM model. We determined that the RSM model was able to successfully simulate the optimal extraction of Fc from the leaves. Further, Fc was enriched from
through nine macroporous resins, and HPD-100 macroporous resins were selected for preliminary enrichment of Fc due to its economic costs and benefits. Subsequently, octadecyl silane (ODS) column chromatography was used to improve the purity of Fc to over 90% after separation by ODS column chromatography. Fc with a purity greater than 95% can be obtained by recrystallization. This is the first study that has focused on the extraction and enrichment of Fc from
leaves using macroporous resin combined with ODS column chromatography, which provides the possibility for further application of Fc.
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Current knowledge about the evolutionary history of donkeys is still incomplete due to the lack of archeological and whole-genome diversity data. To fill this gap, we have de novo assembled a ...chromosome-level reference genome of one male Dezhou donkey and analyzed the genomes of 126 domestic donkeys and seven wild asses. Population genomics analyses indicate that donkeys were domesticated in Africa and conclusively show reduced levels of Y chromosome variability and discordant paternal and maternal histories, possibly reflecting the consequences of reproductive management. We also investigate the genetic basis of coat color. While wild asses show diluted gray pigmentation (Dun phenotype), domestic donkeys display non-diluted black or chestnut coat colors (non-Dun) that were probably established during domestication. Here, we show that the non-Dun phenotype is caused by a 1 bp deletion downstream of the TBX3 gene, which decreases the expression of this gene and its inhibitory effect on pigment deposition.
Drought is a key environmental factor limiting the growth and development of desert plants. In this experiment, we investigated the response of photosynthesis in the ephemeral plant E. oxyrhinchum to ...progressive drought conditions in its natural habitat. In response to drought stress, the mechanism for photosynthesis regulation in E. oxyrhinchum is switched from stomatal to non-stomatal limitations. One notable characteristic of E. oxyrhinchum is its ability to sustain photosynthesis under severe drought conditions. This is because the transition from stomatal to non-stomatal limitation occurred at a much lower leaf water content (56.51% ± 8.53%), compared to that in other plant species. With the drought treatment, the net photosynthetic rate was maintained or even increased to a much higher value to that of the control (33.65 ± 1.72 vs. 17.65 ± 2.35 μmol CO2 m-2s-1), which coincided with the increased stomatal conductance. During the entire stomatal limitation to the photosynthesis stage, the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) remained unchanged. Additionally, the prompt Chl a fluorescence induction was stable, which indicated an intact photosystem II structure and a balanced redox state of the plastoquinone pool. The variation partition analysis revealed that the substantial increase in antioxidant activities and sensitive response to nonphotochemical quenching during this stage contributed significantly to maintaining a stable Fv/Fm value. To conclude, we have not only provided novel information regarding the drought-escape E. oxyrhinchum species but also concluded that PSII activity modulates the switch from stomatal to non-stomatal photosynthesis limitation under progressive drought conditions.
•The drought-treated ephemeral plant E. oxyrhinchum sustained stomatal limiting photosynthesis at a much lower LWC (56.51% ± 8.53%).•The increased net photosynthesis correlated with increased stomatal conductance at the beginning of drought.•Redox state of PQ pool mediated stomata response to progressive drought in E. oxyrhinchum.•Antioxidant activities ultimately play important roles in the regulation of photosynthetic activities in E. oxyrhinchum.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins play important roles in regulating plant growth and responses to various abiotic stresses. In this research, a genome-wide survey was conducted to recognize ...the LEA genes in
. A total of 74 GmLEA was identified and classified into nine subfamilies based on their conserved domains and the phylogenetic analysis. Subcellular localization, the duplication of genes, gene structure, the conserved motif, and the prediction of cis-regulatory elements and tissue expression pattern were then conducted to characterize GmLEAs. The expression profile analysis indicated that the expression of several GmLEAs was a response to drought and salt stress. The co-expression-based gene network analysis suggested that soybean LEA proteins may exert regulatory effects through the metabolic pathways. We further explored GnLEA4_19 function in
and the results suggests that overexpressed GmLEA4_19 in
increased plant height under mild or serious drought stress. Moreover, the overexpressed GmLEA4_19 soybean also showed a drought tolerance phenotype. These results indicated that GmLEA4_19 plays an important role in the tolerance to drought and will contribute to the development of the soybean transgenic with enhanced drought tolerance and better yield. Taken together, this study provided insight for better understanding the biological roles of
genes in soybean.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in the regulation of gene expression. However, the role of miRNAs in bovine mammary gland responses to heat stress is ...not well understood.
In the present study, we performed a deep RNA sequencing analysis to identify miRNAs associated with the heat stress potential of the bovine mammary gland. We identified 27 miRNAs that were differentially expressed significantly between the mammary tissue of Holstein cattle heat stress and normal conditions. Twenty miRNAs had higher expression in the mammary tissue of heat-stressed Holstein cattle. The seven highest differentially expressed candidate miRNAs (bta-miR-21-5p, bta-miR-99a-5p, bta-miR-146b, bta-miR-145, bta-miR-2285 t, bta-miR-133a, and bta-miR-29c) identified by deep RNA sequencing were additionally evaluated by stem-loop qPCR. Enrichment analyses for targeted genes revealed that the major differences between miRNAs expression in the mammary gland of heat-stressed versus control were associated with the regulation of Wnt, TGF-β, MAPK, Notch, and JAK-STAT.
These data indicated that the differentially expressed miRNAs identified in this study may act as dominant regulators during heat stress. We might reduce heat stress damage of Holstein cows by up-regulating or down-regulating these differentially expressed miRNAs.
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We describe a molecular mechanism tuning the functional properties of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) molecules in photosynthetic antenna proteins. Light-harvesting complexes from photosystem II in higher ...plants – specifically LHCII purified with α- or β-dodecyl-maltoside, along with CP29 – were probed by low-temperature absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopies. We show that hydrogen bonding to the conjugated keto carbonyl group of protein-bound Chl-a tunes the energy of its Soret and Qy absorption transitions, inducing red-shifts that are proportional to the strength of the hydrogen bond involved. Chls-a with non-H-bonded keto C131 groups exhibit the blue-most absorption bands, while both transitions are progressively red-shifted with increasing hydrogen-bonding strength – by up 382 & 605 cm−1 in the Qy and Soret band, respectively. These hydrogen bonds thus tune the site energy of Chl-a in light-harvesting proteins, determining (at least in part) the cascade of energy transfer events in these complexes.
•Controlling energetic levels of Chl-a in antenna by H-bonds•Role of Chl-a keto groups in tuning properties•H-bond to Chl-a C131 keto groups modify the energetic levels of Chl-a in photosynthetic proteins.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Neutrophils are the first effectors of inflammatory response triggered by mastitis infection, and are important defense cells against pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). DNA methylation, as a ...critical epigenetic mechanism for regulating gene function, is involved in bovine mastitis.
In this study, we sequenced the blood neutrophils of healthy and E. coli-infected mastitic half-sib cows for the overall DNA methylation levels using transcriptome sequencing and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. The methylation levels in the mastitis cows (MCs) were decreased compared with healthy cows (HCs). A total of 494 differentially methylated regions were identified, among which 61 were up-methylated and 433 were down-methylated (MCs vs. HCs). The expression levels of 1094 differentially expressed genes were up-regulated, and 245 genes were down-regulated. Twenty-nine genes were found in methylation and transcription data, among which seven genes' promoter methylation levels were negatively correlated with expression levels, and 11 genes were differentially methylated in the exon regions. The bisulfite sequencing PCR and quantitative real-time PCR validation results demonstrated that the promoter methylation of CITED2 and SLC40A1 genes affected differential expression. The methylation of LGR4 exon 5 regulated its own alternative splicing. The promoter methylation of bta-miR-15a has an indirect effect on the expression of its target gene CD163. The CITED2, SLC40A1, and LGR4 genes can be used as candidates for E. coli-induced mastitis resistance.
This study explored the roles of DNA methylation in affecting transcription of protein-coding genes and miRNAs in E. coli-induced mastitis, thereby helping explain the function of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of mastitis and provided new target genes and epigenetic markers for mastitis resistance breeding in dairy cattle.
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