Salinity is a major abiotic stress that restricts cotton growth and affects fiber yield and quality. Although studies on salt tolerance have achieved great progress in cotton since the completion of ...cotton genome sequencing, knowledge about how cotton copes with salt stress is still scant. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) plays important roles in many organelles with the help of the SAM transporter, and it is also a synthetic precursor for substances such as ethylene (ET), polyamines (PAs), betaine, and lignin, which often accumulate in plants in response to stresses. This review focused on the biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways of ET and PAs. The current progress of ET and PAs in regulating plant growth and development under salt stress has been summarized. Moreover, we verified the function of a cotton SAM transporter and suggested that it can regulate salt stress response in cotton. At last, an improved regulatory pathway of ET and PAs under salt stress in cotton is proposed for the breeding of salt-tolerant varieties.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Identification of stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) across different environments and mapping populations is a prerequisite for marker-assisted selection (MAS) for cotton yield and fiber quality. ...To construct a genetic linkage map and to identify QTLs for fiber quality and yield traits, a backcross inbred line (BIL) population of 146 lines was developed from a cross between Upland cotton (
Gossypium hirsutum
) and Egyptian cotton (
Gossypium barbadense
) through two generations of backcrossing using Upland cotton as the recurrent parent followed by four generations of self pollination. The BIL population together with its two parents was tested in five environments representing three major cotton production regions in China. The genetic map spanned a total genetic distance of 2,895 cM and contained 392 polymorphic SSR loci with an average genetic distance of 7.4 cM per marker. A total of 67 QTLs including 28 for fiber quality and 39 for yield and its components were detected on 23 chromosomes, each of which explained 6.65–25.27 % of the phenotypic variation. Twenty-nine QTLs were located on the At subgenome originated from a cultivated diploid cotton, while 38 were on the Dt subgenome from an ancestor that does not produce spinnable fibers. Of the eight common QTLs (12 %) detected in more than two environments, two were for fiber quality traits including one for fiber strength and one for uniformity, and six for yield and its components including three for lint yield, one for seedcotton yield, one for lint percentage and one for boll weight. QTL clusters for the same traits or different traits were also identified. This research represents one of the first reports using a permanent advanced backcross inbred population of an interspecific hybrid population to identify QTLs for fiber quality and yield traits in cotton across diverse environments. It provides useful information for transferring desirable genes from
G. barbadense
to
G. hirsutum
using MAS.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Fiber quality is an important economic trait of cotton, and its improvement is a major goal of cotton breeding. To better understand the genetic mechanisms responsible for fiber quality traits, we ...conducted a genome-wide association study to identify and mine fiber-quality-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes.
In total, 42 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 31 QTLs were identified as being significantly associated with five fiber quality traits. Twenty-five QTLs were identified in previous studies, and six novel QTLs were firstly identified in this study. In the QTL regions, 822 genes were identified and divided into four clusters based on their expression profiles. We also identified two pleiotropic SNPs. The SNP locus i52359Gb was associated with fiber elongation, strength, length and uniformity, while i11316Gh was associated with fiber strength and length. Moreover, these two SNPs were nonsynonymous and located in genes Gh_D09G2376 and Gh_D06G1908, respectively. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that these two genes were preferentially expressed at one or more stages of cotton fiber development, which was consistent with the RNA-seq data. Thus, Gh_D09G2376 and Gh_D06G1908 may be involved in fiber developmental processes.
The findings of this study provide insights into the genetic bases of fiber quality traits, and the identified QTLs or genes may be applicable in cotton breeding to improve fiber quality.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
DAI can improve the development of Parkinson’s disease in MPTP-injected model mice by following actions: 1) it can promote the entry of Nrf2 into the nucleus by inhibiting the activity of GSK3β, and ...then inhibit the oxidative stress response in neurons; 2) it can suppress the expression of MAO-B and SCNA, and promote the expression of TH, thus improve the apoptosis of DA neurons and behavioral disorders in MPTP-injected mice.
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•Daidzein ameliorated apoptosis in LPS-induced BV2cells.•Daidzein ameliorated intracellular ROS levels and antioxidant capacity.•The protection was associated with the activation of GSK3β/Nrf2/ARE pathway.•Daidzein prevented mobility disorders in MPTP-induced mice.•Daidzein promoted the antioxidant capacity in mice brain through GSK3β/Nrf2 pathway.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Daidzein (DAI) is one of the most commonly ingested phytoestrogens with anti-oxidant properties. However, the effects of DAI on oxidative stress in PD has not been reported. In this study, we used 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for intraperitoneal injection of C57/BL6J mice for continuous 7 days to simulate the pathological process of PD. Results showed that DAI improved the movement disorders and reduced the loss of DA neurons in the brain of mice induced by MPTP. Mechanistically,in vitro, DAI pretreatment up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream SOD1 and SOD2 by inhibiting the activity of GSK3β in lipopolysaccharide-stimulatedBV2 cells; in vivo, DAI pretreatment attenuated GSK3β activity, increased the expression of Nrf2 and downstream anti-oxidants SOD1, SOD2 and CAT. Our data demonstrated that DAI restrains oxidative stressin PD by regulating the GSK3β/Nrf2 pathway.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) proteins, a family of sugar transporters, mediate sugar diffusion across cell membranes. Pathogenic fungi can acquire sugars from plant ...cells to satisfy their nutritional demands for growth and infection by exploiting plant SWEET sugar transporters. However, the mechanism underlying the sugar allocation in cotton plants infected by
Verticillium dahliae
, the causative agent of
Verticillium
wilt, remains unclear. In this study, observations of the colonization of cotton roots by
V. dahliae
revealed that a large number of conidia had germinated at 48-hour post-inoculation (hpi) and massive hyphae had appeared at 96 hpi. The glucose content in the infected roots was significantly increased at 48 hpi. On the basis of an evolutionary analysis, an association analysis, and qRT-PCR assays,
GhSWEET42
was found to be closely associated with
V. dahliae
infection in cotton. Furthermore,
GhSWEET42
was shown to encode a glucose transporter localized to the plasma membrane. The overexpression of
GhSWEET42
in
Arabidopsis thaliana
plants led to increased glucose content, and compromised their resistance to
V. dahliae
. In contrast, knockdown of
GhSWEET42
expression in cotton plants by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) led to a decrease in glucose content, and enhanced their resistance to
V. dahliae
. Together, these results suggest that
GhSWEET42
plays a key role in
V. dahliae
infection in cotton through glucose translocation, and that manipulation of
GhSWEET42
expression to control the glucose level at the infected site is a useful method for inhibiting
V. dahliae
infection.
The SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporters) proteins are sugar efflux transporters containing the MtN3_saliva domain, which affects plant development as well as responses to biotic ...and abiotic stresses. These proteins have not been functionally characterized in the tetraploid cotton,
, which is a widely cultivated cotton species. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the cotton
gene family. A total of 55 putative
genes were identified. The
genes were classified into four clades based on a phylogenetic analysis and on the examination of gene structural features. Moreover, chromosomal localization and an analysis of homologous genes in
,
, and
suggested that a whole-genome duplication, several tandem duplications, and a polyploidy event contributed to the expansion of the cotton
gene family, especially in Clade III and IV. Analyses of
-acting regulatory elements in the promoter regions, expression profiles, and artificial selection revealed that the
genes were likely involved in cotton developmental processes and responses to diverse stresses. These findings may clarify the evolution of
gene family and may provide a foundation for future functional studies of SWEET proteins regarding cotton development and responses to abiotic stresses.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ubiquitination is a post-translational regulatory mechanism that controls a variety of biological processes in plants. The E3 ligases confer specificity by recognizing target proteins for ...ubiquitination. Here, we identified SEVEN IN ABSENTIA (SINA) ubiquitin ligases, which belong to the RING-type E3 ligase family, in upland cotton (
Gossypium hirsutum
). Twenty-four
GhSINA
s were characterized, and the expression levels of
GhSINA7
,
GhSINA8
, and
GhSINA9
were upregulated at 24 h after inoculation with
Verticillium dahliae
.
In vitro
ubiquitination assays indicated that the three GhSINAs possessed E3 ubiquitin ligase activities. Transient expression in
Nicotiana benthamiana
leaves showed that they localized to the nucleus. And yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening revealed that they could interact with each other. The ectopic overexpression of
GhSINA7
,
GhSINA8
, and
GhSINA9
independently in
Arabidopsis thaliana
resulted in increased tolerance to
V. dahliae
, while individual knockdowns of
GhSINA7
,
GhSINA8
, and
GhSINA9
compromised cotton resistance to the pathogen. Thus,
GhSINA7
,
GhSINA8
, and
GhSINA9
act as positive regulators of defense responses against
V. dahliae
in cotton plants.
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a worldwide healthcare problem featured by inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid dysregulation. Roxadustat is used for chronic kidney disease anemia ...treatment. As a specific inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase, it can maintain high levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), through which it can further influence many important pathways, including the three featured in ALD. However, its effects on ALD remain to be elucidated. In this study, we used chronic and acute ALD mouse models to investigate the protective effects of roxadustat
. Our results showed that long- and short-term alcohol exposure caused rising activities of serum transaminases, liver lipid accumulation, and morphology changes, which were reversed by roxadustat. Roxadustat-reduced fatty liver was mainly contributed by the reducing sterol-responsive element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) pathway, and enhancing β-oxidation through inducing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) expression. Long-term alcohol treatment induced the infiltration of monocytes/macrophages to hepatocytes, as well as inflammatory cytokine expression, which were also blocked by roxadustat. Moreover, roxadustat attenuated alcohol caused ROS generation in the liver of those two mouse models mainly by reducing cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and enhancing superoxidase dismutase 1 (SOD1) expression.
, we found roxadustat reduced inflammation and lipid accumulation mainly
HIF-1α regulation. Taken together, our study demonstrates that activation of HIF-1α can ameliorate ALD, which is contributed by reduced hepatic lipid synthesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This study suggested that roxadustat could be a potential drug for ALD treatment.
Commercial varieties of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) have undergone extensive breeding for agronomic traits, such as fiber quality, disease resistance, and yield. Cotton breeding programs have ...widely used Chinese upland cotton source germplasm (CUCSG) with excellent agronomic traits. A better understanding of the genetic diversity and genomic characteristics of these accessions could accelerate the identification of desirable alleles. Here, we analyzed 10,522 high‐quality single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with the CottonSNP63K microarray in 137 cotton accessions (including 12 hybrids of upland cotton). These data were used to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure, and genomic characteristics of each population and the contribution of these loci to heterosis. Three subgroups were identified, in agreement with their known pedigrees, geographical distributions, and times since introduction. For each group, we identified lineage‐specific genomic divergence regions, which potentially harbor key alleles that determine the characteristics of each group, such as early maturity‐related loci. Investigation of the distribution of heterozygous loci, among 12 commercial cotton hybrids, revealed a potential role for these regions in heterosis. Our study provides insight into the population structure of upland cotton germplasm. Furthermore, the overlap between lineage‐specific regions and heterozygous loci, in the high‐yield hybrids, suggests a role for these regions in cotton heterosis.
We revealed that Chinese upland cotton source germplasm (CUCSG) could be genetically and geographically categorized into three subgroups. The divergence genomic regions among these subgroups were found to be related with both maturity and heterosis. We thus provided new knowledge of genetic diversity for the cultivated upland cottons.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•Plant SINA genes likely originated before the divergence of bryophyte and gave rise to two clades.•Genes gains and losses occurred leading to an increase in number of SINA gene copies in ...angiosperms.•The Gossypium SINAs showed a tendency for expansion via whole-genome duplication and polyploidy.•The diversity of SINAs might correlates with evolution to adapt to environment stress.
SINA (Seven in absentia) E3 ligases are critical components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). They are responsible for ubiquitination and are involved in numerous cellular processes. The functional mechanisms of SINAs have been extensively studied in a few angiosperms. However, our understanding of the origin and evolution of plant SINA genes remain limited. Here we performed a large-scale comprehensive analysis of SINA proteins from various plant lineages. The plant SINA family genes likely originated from a common ancestral gene prior to the divergence of bryophyte and gave rise to two clades. Within clade I, subsequent parallel innovations in lycophytes and ferns resulted in the formation of two branches. All SINA proteins contain an N-terminal cysteine-rich really interesting new gene (RING) domain for ubiquitination, two zinc-finger motifs, and a C-terminal domain required for substrate-binding and dimerization. The SINA genes gains and losses occurred in angiosperms, resulting in an increase in the number of gene copies in eudicots and monocots. The Gossypium genus SINAs showed a tendency for expansion via whole-genome duplication and polyploidy. Finally, global expression patterns revealed the functional diversification of SINA genes in developmental stage and response to hormones and abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis and rice. These findings provide an insight into the evolution and diversification of SINA E3 ligases in plants and enhance our understanding of the role they play in determining substrate specificity and environment stress adaptations in angiosperms.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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