O-GlcNAcylation - the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties to cytoplasmic, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins - is a post-translational modification that regulates ...fundamental cellular processes in metazoans. A single pair of enzymes - O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) - controls the dynamic cycling of this protein modification in a nutrient- and stress-responsive manner. Recent years have seen remarkable advances in our understanding of O-GlcNAcylation at levels that range from structural and molecular biology to cell signalling and gene regulation to physiology and disease. New mechanisms and functions of O-GlcNAcylation that are emerging from these recent developments enable us to begin constructing a unified conceptual framework through which the significance of this modification in cellular and organismal physiology can be understood.
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IJS, NUK, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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This paper provides a comprehensive review on studies of sandstone type uranium deposits in the Ordos Basin, Northwest China. As the second largest sedimentary basin, the Ordos Basin ...has great potential for targeting sandstone type U mineralization. The newly found and explored Dongsheng and Diantou sandstone type uranium deposits are hosted in the Middle Jurassic Zhilou Formation. A large number of investigations have been conducted to trace the source rock compositions and relationship between lithic subarkose sandstone host rock and uranium mineralization. An optical microscopy study reveals two types of alteration associated with the U mineralization: chloritization and sericitization. Some unusual mineral structures, with compositional similarity to coffinite, have been identified in a secondary pyrite by SEM These mineral phases are proposed to be of bacterial origin, following high resolution mapping of uranium minerals and trace element determinations in situ. Moreover, geochemical studies of REE and trace elements constrained the mechanism of uranium enrichment, displaying LREE enrichment relative to HREE. Trace elements such as Pb, Mo and Ba have a direct relationship with uranium enrichment and can be used as index for mineralization. The source of uranium ore forming fluids and related geological processes have been studied using H, O and C isotope systematics of fluid inclusions in quartz veins and the calcite cement of sandstone rocks hosting U mineralization. Both H and O isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions reveal that ore forming fluids are a mixture of meteoric water and magmatic water. The C and S isotopes of the cementing material of sandstone suggest organic origin and bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR), providing an important clue for U mineralization. Discussion of the ore genesis shows that the greenish gray sandstone plays a crucial role during processes leading to uranium mineralization. Consequently, an oxidation-reduction model for sandstone-type uranium deposit is proposed, which can elucidate the source of uranium in the deposits of the Ordos Basin, based on the role of organic materials and sulfate reducing bacteria. We discuss the mechanism of uranium deposition responsible for the genesis of these large sandstone type uranium deposits in this unique sedimentary basin.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The Shatanjiao pluton, located in the eastern Tongling region (Eastern China), is of great research significance for the study of magma evolutionary processes because this pluton is related to the ...regional Cu-Au mineralization. Zircon U-Pb dating on two granodiorite samples from this pluton yields ages of 141.9 ± 3.1 Ma (MSWD = 0.07) and 141.9 ± 3.3 Ma (MSWD = 0.03), respectively, which overlap the range of intense Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Tongling region. Based on the Sr content of apatite from the Shatanjiao granodiorites, they are subdivided into high-Sr apatite (apatite-I: 754-1242 ppm, mean = 1107 ppm) and low-Sr apatite (apatite-II: 415-613 ppm, mean = 507 ppm). Both apatite-I and apatite-II are characterized by high-Sr and -Sr/Y ratios and inconspicuous negative-Eu anomalies, indicating that these granodiorites have a likely adakite affinity. Considering their low-Rb contents (<0.05 ppm), in situ Sr isotopes of these apatite grains show 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70848-0.71494 and 0.70767-0.71585 for apatite-I and apatite-II, respectively, indicating that the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of both apatite groups can represent the Sr isotopic compositions of their host rocks. Moreover, the La/Sm and Sr/Th ratios of both apatite groups suggest that the studied granodiorites might be sourced from the partial melting of subducted ocean slabs and overlying sediments. Based on their zircon trace element compositions, the calculated temperature and oxygen fugacity for the magma are characterized by high temperatures (mean T = 646°C) and high oxygen fugacity (mean Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios = 341). On the basis of MgO, FeO, SiO2, and ΣREE contents of apatite, we further suggest that apatite-I and apatite-II might have crystallized at the early and late stages of magma evolution, respectively. Because apatite-I has much higher Eu/Eu* ratios (0.56-0.76) but lower (La/Yb)N ratios (7.85-28.6) than apatite-II of 0.39-0.58 and 95.9-132, respectively, it is indicated that plagioclase, garnet, hornblende, and zircon might control the trace element composition of melt during the magma evolutionary history, which were recorded by the apatite. Therefore, apatite can be an ideal tracer to reflect the sequence of multistage magma evolution.
The secondary active cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) utilize the existing Na
and/or K
gradients to move Cl
into or out of cells. NKCC1 is an intensively studied member of the CCC family and ...plays fundamental roles in regulating trans-epithelial ion movement, cell volume, chloride homeostasis and neuronal excitability. Here, we report a cryo-EM structure of human NKCC1 captured in a partially loaded, inward-open state. NKCC1 assembles into a dimer, with the first ten transmembrane (TM) helices harboring the transport core and TM11-TM12 helices lining the dimer interface. TM1 and TM6 helices break α-helical geometry halfway across the lipid bilayer where ion binding sites are organized around these discontinuous regions. NKCC1 may harbor multiple extracellular entryways and intracellular exits, raising the possibility that K
, Na
, and Cl
ions may traverse along their own routes for translocation. NKCC1 structure provides a blueprint for further probing structure-function relationships of NKCC1 and other CCCs.
A large porphyry Cu–Au deposit associated with early Cretaceous intrusive rocks has been discovered and explored in the Shaxi area, Lower Yangtze River Belt (LYRB), eastern China. We studied two ...types of intrusive rocks in the Shaxi area: Cu–Au mineralization related diorites and quartz-diorites (adakitic rocks), and newly found high Sr/Y ratio biotite-gabbros. They were formed almost simultaneously with crystallization ages of ca. 130 to 129Ma, younger than the early stage shoshonitic rocks (Longmenyuan, Zhuanqiao and Shuangmiao Fm.) in the Luzong volcanic basin, ~10km south of the Shaxi area. These intrusive rocks show similar distribution patterns of trace elements (enriched in LILEs and depleted in HFSEs) and REEs (enriched in LREEs and depleted in HREEs, no Eu negative anomaly, flat HREE patterns). The diorites and quartz-diorites are adakitic rocks with calc-alkaline affinity, distinguished from other adakitic rocks in the LYRB which are high-K calc-alkaline series. The biotite-gabbros are not adakitic rocks, although they are characterized by high Sr/Y ratios.
Shaxi adakitic rocks show positive zircon εHf(t) values, which may be attributed to the contribution of subducted oceanic crust, while the εHf(t) values of the biotite-gabbros are mostly negative, indicating the involvement of old crustal materials. Although Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes of Shaxi adakitic rocks are more depleted than those of other adakitic rocks in the LYRB, they are still slightly enriched, similar to continental arc adakites in the Andean Austral Volcanic Zone. The Shaxi adakitic rocks are characterized by high Sr contents and Sr/Y ratios, medium (La/Yb)N, MgO contents and Mg#, and low K2O/Na2O ratios, decoupling of Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N, low Th/U values, exhibiting characteristics of slab-derived adakitic rocks. They were not produced by fractional crystallization of basaltic magmas like adakitic rocks in Edong–Jiurui and Tongling but originally generated from partial melting of subducted paleo-Pacific Plate. Their enriched Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopes indicate that the primary adakitic melts experienced assimilation of LYRB continental crust during ascending to the surface. While other high-K calc-alkaline “C-type” adakitic rocks in the LYRB were generated from mantle melting followed by crustal AFC processes. The Shaxi biotite-gabbros were generated from partial melting of enriched sub-continental lithosphere mantle (SCLM), which was previously metasomatized by sediment melts and adakitic slab melts. The LYRB adakitic rocks are characterized by high oxygen fugacities, thus favorable for Cu–Au mineralization.
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•Shaxi calc-alkaline adakitic rocks are from partial melting of paleo-Pacific plate.•Shaxi Bt-gabbros are from adakitic melt metasomatized mantle.•The sources of Shaxi adakitic rocks are OC (MORB+sediments)+LCC+UCC.•Other LYRB adakitic rocks are from mantle melting with LCC+UCC assimilated.•These adakitic rocks have high oxygen fugacities and favor Cu–Au mineralization.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
•The occurrence and removal of 50 PPCPs in a WWTP were investigated over one year.•39 PPCPs were detected in the influent, 14 PPCPs could be removed >50% in WWTP.•Most PPCPs showed higher ...concentrations in cold seasons in the influent and effluent.•Temperature and HRT may contribute to the seasonal variation of PPCP removal.
The occurrence and seasonal variation of 50 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Xiamen, China was investigated over a period of one year. Among the targets, 39 PPCPs were detected in the influent. The highest concentration was observed for acetaminophen, with the average concentration in the influent of 2963.5ng/L. The seasonal variation of PPCPs in the influent was observed. For most pharmaceuticals, highest concentrations were in March 2013, followed by December 2012, while the concentrations were lower in August 2012 and May 2013. Among the detected PPCPs, 14 targets could be removed more than 50% in the WWTP. The activated sludge treatment process contributed to most of PPCP removal, while the adsorption to the particles in the primary treatment and the transformation under UV radiation in the disinfection treatment also contributed to the PPCP removal. Among the detected PPCPs in the influent, 36 PPCPs could be detected in the final effluent of the WWTP. Significantly higher concentrations of PPCPs were observed in effluent samples collected in March 2013 compared to other seasons, suggesting higher concentrations of PPCPs could be discharged into the surrounding seawater during this period.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
O-GlcNAcylation is an important posttranslational modification governed by a single pair of enzymes-O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). These two enzymes mediate the dynamic cycling of ...O-GlcNAcylation on a wide variety of cytosolic, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins in a nutrient- and stress-responsive fashion. While cellular functions of O-GlcNAcylation have been emerging, little is known regarding the precise mechanisms how the enzyme pair senses the environmental cues to elicit molecular and physiological changes. In this review, we discuss how the OGT/OGA pair acts as a metabolic sensor that integrates signaling pathways, given their capability of receiving signaling inputs from various partners, targeting multiple substrates with spatiotemporal specificity and translocating to different parts of the cell. We also discuss how the pair maintains homeostatic signaling within the cell and its physiological relevance. A better understanding of the mechanisms of OGT/OGA action would enable us to derive therapeutic benefits of resetting cellular O-GlcNAc levels within an optimal range.
The combined application of plant Suaeda salsa and indigenous fungus Trichoderma asperellum on the treatment of a lead (Pb) and salinity (Na+ and Ca2+) co-contaminated soil was investigated by a ...flowerpot experiment. As demonstrated by plant growth and selected antioxidant parameters, S. salsa was able to tolerate and grow in the co-contaminated soil, especially bioaugmented with T. asperellum, which promoted plant growth (9–23% and 5–13% increases for plant height and fresh weight, respectively) and appeared to alleviate plant oxidative damage (7–85% and 7–49% decreases for plant malondialdehyde and peroxidase levels, respectively). The SDS-PAGE fingerprints indicated that the total protein contents of S. salsa were affected under Pb and salinity stresses. The interactions of Na+ and Ca2+ ions on the phytotoxicity of Pb remained hormesis phenomenon that low-dose alleviation and high-dose enhancement. The analysis of phytoextraction parameters and bioavailability demonstrated that Pb was mainly concentrated in plant roots and poorly translocated, indicating the phytostabilization served as a major repair pathway. On the contrary, the Na+ and Ca2+ ions were concentrated in plant by the following order: shoot > root. Moreover, bioaugmentation of planted soil with T. asperellum generally led to the 9–42%, 13–58%, and 19–30% decreases of plant Pb, Na+, and Ca2+ concentrations and translocations, respectively, as well as a 6–21% decrease of soil Pb bioavailability. This study provided a bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation technique to make up the deficiencies of the long-term remediation for heavy metals and salinity.
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•The bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation was a suitable treatment strategy.•Trichoderma asperellum promoted plant growth and alleviated plant stress.•Phytostabilization served as a major phytoremediation pathway for Pb.•Saline ions were mobilized by Suaeda salsa while immobilized by T. asperellum.•Pb co-exposure with Na+ and Ca2+ ions increased the bioavailability of Pb.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The fire and explosion risks of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) pose serious threat to the transport and application of LIBs on the aircraft. Therefore, the study of corresponding thermal safety ...problems in flight condition is of great importance. In this work, a dynamic pressure chamber is used to study the effect of cycling aging and ambient pressure on the thermal safety features of LIBs. The results show that both the thermal runaway onset time and temperature decrease with the increase of cycle number or decrease of external pressure. The interval time between gas release and ignition decreases with the increase of cycle number, while the burning time increases with the decrease of pressure. Moreover, the thermal runaway temperature and heat release rate decrease with the increase of cycle number or decrease of pressure. The dV/dQ and X-ray computed tomography results show that the loss and structural damage of cathode materials, and the side reactions are the main factors for the decrease of battery safety. The easier occurrence of thermal runaway in low pressure is attributed to the larger differential pressure which facilitates the opening of burst disk and the entry of air.
•Thermal safeties of aged lithium-ion batteries were investigated in low pressures.•A dynamic pressure cabin was used to study the thermal safeties of the batteries.•The variations of voltage and resistance are ahead of the gas release.•The increase of cycle reduced the interval time between gas release and ignition.•Battery safety declined more sharply with the increase of cycle in low pressure.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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