Complex networks contain numerous unlabeled data. Extracting the information in these data and obtaining appropriate node representation poses a significant challenge. Recently, contrastive learning ...has gained wide acceptance as one of the most important methods in self-supervised learning. It has shown exceptional ability in capturing both the attribute and structural information in network, that provides a new way for network representation. In this paper, we propose the enhanced contrastive representation in network (ECRN). First, we recognize the issue that contrastive learning ignores the network structure in calculating the similarity of the joint distribution. To address the problem, ECRN proposes a feature combination method with additional structure information. Second, we retain the connection relationship of nodes in the low-dimensional embedding by constraining each layer of neural network. Third, we propose a new graph neural network framework, which independently compares each layer, and realizes hierarchical contrastive learning. ECRN obtains information-rich node representations by accumulating representations in each layer, enhancing the performance of downstream tasks. We tested the ECRN model on real datasets and compared its performance with well-known algorithms. Experiments show that the ECRN outperforms state-of-art methods in link prediction, clustering, and node classification tasks.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Metal borohydrides (M(BH4)n) are extensively studied due to their high hydrogen storage capacities via hydrolysis. However, it is challenging to develop a closed loop of hydrolysis and regeneration ...of M(BH4)n that is of low-cost and high-efficiency. In this work, we overview the state-of-the-art advances in both hydrolysis and regeneration processes of Li(Na)BH4 and Mg(BH4)2. In particular, a special focus is placed on NaBH4 hydrolysis with respect to catalysts, capacity, kinetics and thermodynamics. NaBH4 regeneration is also discussed in terms of synthesis techniques, the sources of boron and hydrogen, and the reducing agents. There are great advances in the development of catalysts in facilitating hydrogen evolution. Critically, low-cost transition metal-based catalysts is effective in catalyzing the hydrolysis. Catalyzed hydrogen evolution can meet the requirement of PEMFC in small devices. For future applications in large scale, more research is needed to optimize the performance to deliver the required rates and quantities. Cost becomes more paramount for large-scale applications and effective regeneration of these borohydrides needs to be developed. Most recent development in mechanochemical synthesis of borohydrides features high efficiency and low cost and therefore deserves follow-up research. The review sheds light on the future development and deployment of M(BH4)n for hydrogen storage.
We overview the state-of-the-art advances in both hydrolysis and regeneration processes of LiBH4, NaBH4 and Mg(BH4)2. Display omitted
•Recent advances in hydrolysis of metal borohydrides are reviewed.•Catalyst development for hydrolysis of metal borohydrides is summarized.•Progress in synthesis and regeneration of metal borohydrides is covered.•Challenges and future research focuses are discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) complex is significantly over-activated in many cancers. While it makes CDK2 an attractive target for cancer therapy, most inhibitors against CDK2 are ATP competitors ...that are either nonspecific or highly toxic, and typically fail clinical trials. One alternative approach is to develop non-ATP competitive inhibitors; they disrupt interactions between CDK2 and either its partners or substrates, resulting in specific inhibition of CDK2 activities. In this report, we identify two potential druggable pockets located in the protein-protein interaction interface (PPI) between CDK2 and Cyclin A. To target the potential druggable pockets, we perform a LIVS in silico screening of a library containing 1925 FDA approved drugs. Using this approach, homoharringtonine (HHT) shows high affinity to the PPI and strongly disrupts the interaction between CDK2 and cyclins. Further, we demonstrate that HHT induces autophagic degradation of the CDK2 protein via tripartite motif 21 (Trim21) in cancer cells, which is confirmed in a leukemia mouse model and in human primary leukemia cells. These results thus identify an autophagic degradation mechanism of CDK2 protein and provide a potential avenue towards treating CDK2-dependent cancers.
Neuromorphic hardware systems have been gaining ever-increasing focus in many embedded applications as they use a brain-inspired, energy-efficient spiking neural network (SNN) model that closely ...mimics the human cortex mechanism by communicating and processing sensory information via spatiotemporally sparse spikes. In this paper, we fully leverage the characteristics of spiking convolution neural network (SCNN), and propose a scalable, cost-efficient, and high-speed VLSI architecture to accelerate deep SCNN inference for real-time low-cost embedded scenarios. We leverage the snapshot of binary spike maps at each time-step, to decompose the SCNN operations into a series of regular and simple time-step CNN-like processing to reduce hardware resource consumption. Moreover, our hardware architecture achieves high throughput by employing a pixel stream processing mechanism and fine-grained data pipelines. Our Zynq-7045 FPGA prototype reached a high processing speed of 1250 frames/s and high recognition accuracies on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST image datasets, demonstrating the plausibility of our SCNN hardware architecture for many embedded applications.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Inverse design algorithms for nanophotonic devices have been extensively investigated, leading to the realization of multifunctional devices. Some of these algorithms can only handle structures with ...continuous refractive index distribution. Others either require extensive manual intervention to tune the associated parameters, or tend to produce locally optimal solutions. To mitigate these problems, we propose an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with similar complexity to traditional PSO and less manual intervention, capable of obtaining the globally optimal solution. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm by designing a TE0 to TE1 mode converter and a compact single-mode waveguide bend with 800 and 60 structure parameters, respectively. The fabricated silicon waveguide bend with an effective radius of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">1.75~\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> shows a loss of 0.02 dB per 90°.
Recent studies have identified a specialized subset of CD31
endomucin
(CD31
EMCN
) vascular endothelium that positively regulates bone formation. However, it remains unclear how CD31
EMCN
endothelium ...levels are coupled to anabolic bone formation. Mice with an osteoblast-specific deletion of Shn3, which have markedly elevated bone formation, demonstrated an increase in CD31
EMCN
endothelium. Transcriptomic analysis identified SLIT3 as an osteoblast-derived, SHN3-regulated proangiogenic factor. Genetic deletion of Slit3 reduced skeletal CD31
EMCN
endothelium, resulted in low bone mass because of impaired bone formation and partially reversed the high bone mass phenotype of Shn3
mice. This coupling between osteoblasts and CD31
EMCN
endothelium is essential for bone healing, as shown by defective fracture repair in SLIT3-mutant mice and enhanced fracture repair in SHN3-mutant mice. Finally, administration of recombinant SLIT3 both enhanced bone fracture healing and counteracted bone loss in a mouse model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Thus, drugs that target the SLIT3 pathway may represent a new approach for vascular-targeted osteoanabolic therapy to treat bone loss.
Graphitic nanomaterials such as graphene layers (G) and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are potential candidates in a large number of biomedical applications. However, little is known about the ...effects of these nanomaterials on biological systems. Here we show that the shape of these materials is directly related to their induced cellular toxicity. Both G and SWCNT induce cytotoxic effects, and these effects are concentration- and shape-dependent. Interestingly, at low concentrations, G induced stronger metabolic activity than SWCNT, a trend that reversed at higher concentrations. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were found to be significantly higher for SWCNT as compared to the G samples. Moreover, reactive oxygen species were generated in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after exposure to G, indicating an oxidative stress mechanism. Furthermore, time-dependent caspase 3 activation after exposure to G (10 μg/mL) shows evidence of apoptosis. Altogether these studies suggest different biological activities of the graphitic nanomaterials, with the shape playing a primary role.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
The prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst reproductive women has been increasing worldwide. Our aim was to compare pregnancy outcomes and infant neurocognitive development by different BMI ...classifications and investigate whether early pregnancy BMI was associated with risks of adverse outcomes in a Southwest Chinese population. We analysed data from 1273 women enrolled in the Complex Lipids in Mothers and Babies (CLIMB) randomized controlled trial in Chongqing, China. Maternal BMI was classified as underweight, normal weight and overweight/obese according to the Chinese, WHO Asian, and WHO European standards. For the adverse pregnancy outcomes, after adjustment for potential confounders, an underweight BMI was associated with increased risk of small for gestational age (SGA) babies, and an overweight/obese BMI was associated with increased risk of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), caesarean section (C-section), macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA) babies. For infant neurocognitive development, 1017 mothers and their children participated; no significant differences were seen in the Mental Development Index (MDI) or the Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) between the three BMI groups. Our findings demonstrate that abnormal early pregnancy BMI were associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Chinese women, while early pregnancy BMI had no significant influence on the infant neurocognitive development at 12 months of age.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this study, we investigated several metallurgical industries, including iron ore sintering, secondary aluminum smelting, and secondary lead smelting, as potential sources of Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs. ...Stack gas emissions of 19 Cl-PAH and 19 Br-PAH congeners from the investigated metallurgical plants were in the ranges of 68.3–156 ng Nm–3 and 2.9–13.5 ng Nm–3, respectively. Cl/Br-PAHs in ambient air surrounding the investigated metallurgical plants were also quantified, and the ranges were 7.0–554 pg m–3 for Cl-PAHs and 3.0–126 pg m–3 for Br-PAHs. Toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs in the ambient air samples were in the ranges of 0.03–3.61 pg TEQ m–3 and 0.001–0.23 pg TEQ m–3, respectively. These TEQs were slightly higher than or comparable to those of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Congener profiles of Cl-PAHs emitted from iron ore sintering, secondary aluminum smelting, and secondary lead smelting facilities were clarified and their congener profiles were obviously different from that from waste incinerators. Comparisons of Cl/Br-PAH congener profiles between surrounding air samples and stack gas emissions indicated that metallurgical emissions affected the surrounding environment to some extent.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Objectives
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Shikani optical stylet (SOS) versus fiberoptic bronchoscope (FOB) for awake nasal intubation in head and neck surgery patients with an ...anticipated difficult airway.
Study Design
Prospective randomized clinical trial.
Methods
This study involved 50 adult patients scheduled for elective head and neck surgery and presented with an anticipated difficult airway. Patients planned for awake nasotracheal intubation were randomly divided into two groups: FOB (n = 25) and SOS (n = 25). Patients were intubated under local anesthesia and sedation using the randomly assigned intubation device by anesthetists proficient in both airway devices. The time to successful intubation was regarded as the primary endpoint.
Results
The median time (interquartile range) to tracheal intubation in the FOB group was 74 seconds (57–108) and 38 seconds (27–60) in the SOS group (P < .001). Intubation success rates on the first attempt in the FOB and SOS groups were 96% and 92%, respectively (P > .999). Airway assisted maneuvers were required in six (24%) SOS intubations compared to 21 (84%) FOB intubations (P < .001). There were no significant differences between the groups in the incidences of oxygen desaturation and postoperative complications related to intubation.
Conclusion
Compared to the FOB group, awake nasal intubation in the SOS group required significantly less time and fewer airway‐assisted maneuvers on adult head and neck surgery patients with anticipated difficult airway.
Level of Evidence
2 Laryngoscope, 131:319–325, 2021
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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