Current image captioning methods are usually trained via maximum likelihood estimation. However, the log-likelihood score of a caption does not correlate well with human assessments of quality. ...Standard syntactic evaluation metrics, such as BLEU, METEOR and ROUGE, are also not well correlated. The newer SPICE and CIDEr metrics are better correlated, but have traditionally been hard to optimize for. In this paper, we show how to use a policy gradient (PG) method to directly optimize a linear combination of SPICE and CIDEr (a combination we call SPIDEr): the SPICE score ensures our captions are semantically faithful to the image, while CIDEr score ensures our captions are syntactically fluent. The PG method we propose improves on the prior MIXER approach, by using Monte Carlo rollouts instead of mixing MLE training with PG. We show empirically that our algorithm leads to easier optimization and improved results compared to MIXER. Finally, we show that using our PG method we can optimize any of the metrics, including the proposed SPIDEr metric which results in image captions that are strongly preferred by human raters compared to captions generated by the same model but trained to optimize MLE or the COCO metrics.
A new series of alkaline–alkaline earth fluoride carbonates (KSrCO3F, RbSrCO3F, KCaCO3F, RbCaCO3F, CsCaCO3F, and Cs3Ba4(CO3)3F5) were synthesized by spontaneous crystallization with molten fluxes. ...Their crystal structures, except for Cs3Ba4(CO3)3F5, exhibit the stacking of AF∞ (A = K, Rb, Cs) and B(CO3)∞ (B = Ca, Sr) layers, and the coplanar alignment of CO3 triangles. The results from the UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy study of the powder samples indicated that the short-wavelength absorption edges were all below 200 nm, except for Cs3Ba4(CO3)3F5, which is about 210 nm. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) on polycrystalline samples was measured using the Kurtz and Perry technique, which indicated that these carbonates are all phase-matchable materials in both visible and the UV region, and their measured SHG coefficients were about 3.33, 3.33, 3.61, 1.11, 1.11, and 1.20 times as large as that of d 36 (KDP), respectively.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
This study aimed to investigate the effects of long non-coding RNA ROR (regulator of reprogramming) on cisplatin (DDP) resistance in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer by regulating ...PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Human cisplatin-resistant A549/DDP cell lines were selected and divided into control group, negative control group, si-ROR group, ROR over-expression group, Wortmannin group, and ROR over-expression + Wortmannin group. MTT assay was used to determine the optimum inhibitory concentration of DDP. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were applied to detect expressions of long non-coding RNA ROR, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR. Colony-forming assay, scratch test, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry were conducted to detect cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis, respectively. Tumor-formation assay was performed to detect the growth of transplanted tumors. Long non-coding RNA ROR expression was high in human A549/DDP cell lines. Compared with the control and negative control groups, the mRNA and protein expressions of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and bcl-2 decreased, whereas the mRNA and protein expression of bax and the sensitivity of cells to DDP significantly increased. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities decreased in the si-ROR and Wortmannin groups. In comparison with control and negative control groups, the mRNA and protein expressions of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and bcl-2 increased, whereas the mRNA and protein expressions of bax decreased, the sensitivity of cells to DDP significantly increased, and cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities decreased in the ROR over-expression group. For nude mice in tumor-formation assay, compared with control and negative control groups, the tumor weight was found to be lighter (1.03 ± 0.15) g, the protein expressions of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and bcl-2 decreased, and the protein expression of bax increased in the si-ROR group. Long non-coding RNA ROR may affect the sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells to DDP by targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
The new nonlinear optical (NLO) crystal BaGa4S7 for the mid-infrared (IR) has been grown by a Bridgman-Stockbarger technique. Polycrystalline materials with stoichiometric composition were ...synthesized from BaS, Ga, and S as the initial materials by solid-state reactions. The ultraviolet (UV) and IR transmittance of the crystal was determined with polished crystal pieces. The UV and IR optical absorption edges were found to be at 350 nm and 13.7 μm, respectively. From optical measurements of second harmonic generation on powders, the NLO coefficient d 33 was determined to be 12.6 pm/V. The laser damage threshold of a single crystal reached about 1.2 J/cm2 at 1.064 μm. The Vickers-hardness value of the crystal is 327.5 HV5, which is equivalent to Mohs’ hardness of about 5.
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We demonstrate that consumers have learned that unhealthy snacks such as potato chips tend to be sold in glossy packages, whereas healthier snacks such as crackers tend to be sold in matte packages ...(in studies 1–3). As a result, consumers who see a snack food package with a glossy matte surface will infer lesser greater healthfulness of its contents (study 4), consume less more of it (study 5), and be more likely to choose a glossy matte package from an assortment of snack packages if motivated to engage in tasty healthful eating (study 6). Theoretical and managerial implications as well as future research opportunities are discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Fine-grained image classification is a challenging task due to the large inter-class difference and small intra-class difference. In this paper, we propose a novel Cascade Attention Model using the ...Deep Convolutional Neural Network to address this problem. Our method first leverages the Spatial Confusion Attention to identify ambiguous areas of the input image. Two constraint loss functions are proposed: the Spatial Mask loss and the Spatial And loss; Second, the Cross-network Attention, applying different pre-train parameters to the two stream architecture. Also, two novel loss functions called Cross-network Similarity loss and Satisfied Rank loss are proposed to make the two-stream networks reinforce each other and get better results. Finally, the Network Fusion Attention merges intermediate results with the novel entropy add strategy to obtain the final predictions. All of these modules can work together and can be trained end to end. Besides, different from previous works, our model is fully weak-supervised and fully paralleled, which leads to easier generalization and faster computation. We obtain the state-of-the-art performance on three challenge benchmark datasets (CUB-200-2011, FGVC-Aircraft and Flower 102) with results of 90.8%, 92.1%, and 98.5%, respectively. The model will be publicly available at https://github.com/billzyx/LCA-CNN.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been widely studied for their important biological significance. In general, we need to distinguish them from protein coding RNAs (pcRNAs) with similar functions. ...Based on various strategies, algorithms and tools have been designed and developed to train and validate such classification capabilities. However, many of them lack certain scalability, versatility, and rely heavily on genome annotation. In this paper, we design a convenient and biologically meaningful classification tool "Prelnc2" using multi-scale position and frequency information of wavelet transform spectrum and generalizes the frequency statistics method. Finally, we used the extracted features and auxiliary features together to train the model and verify it with test data. PreLnc2 achieved 93.2% accuracy for animal and plant transcripts, outperforming PreLnc by 2.1% improvement and our method provides an effective alternative to the prediction of lncRNAs.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Renal fibrosis is the characteristic of all kinds of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Fascin-1 plays an important role in tumor development, but the roles of fascin-1 in renal fibrosis have not been ...studied. Here, we explored the role of fascin-1 in renal fibrosis and the potential mechanisms.
Kidney unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model was used as an in vivo model, and proximal tubule epithelial cell lines treated with TGF-β1 were used as in vitro model of renal fibrosis. Cell transfection was performed to manipulate the expression of miR-200b/c, fascin-1 and CD44. Western blotting, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence assays were used to measure levels of miR-200b/c, fascin-1, CD44, and fibrosis and EMT-related markers. H&E and Masson stainings were used to examine the degree of injury and fibrosis in kidneys. Dual luciferase assay was used to examine the interaction between miR-200b/c family and fascin-1.
Fascin-1 and CD44 levels were both significantly up-regulated while miR-200b/c family was reduced in models of renal fibrosis. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-200b/c family and inhibition of fascin-1 or CD44 ameliorated renal fibrosis through suppressing EMT process. Mechanistically, miR-200b/c family directly and negatively regulated the expression of fascin-1. Overexpression of fascin-1 could reverse the effects of miR-200b/c family on renal fibrosis, and fascin-1 regulated renal fibrosis by activating CD44.
Our study is the first to show that fascin-1 plays a critical role in renal fibrosis. MiR-200b/c family could inhibit renal fibrosis through modulating EMT process by directly targeting fascin-1/CD44 axis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The convergence of Internet of Things, cloud computing, and wireless body-area networks (WBANs) has greatly promoted the industrialization of electronic-/mobile-healthcare (e-/m-healthcare). However, ...the further flourishing of e-/m-healthcare still faces many challenges including information security and privacy preservation. To address these problems, a healthcare system (HES) framework is designed that collects medical data from WBANs, transmits them through an extensive wireless sensor network infrastructure, and finally, publishes them into wireless personal-area networks via a gateway. Furthermore, HES involves the groups of send-receive model scheme to realize key distribution and secure data transmission, the homomorphic encryption based on matrix scheme to ensure privacy, and an expert system able to analyze the scrambled medical data and feedback the results automatically. Theoretical and experimental evaluations are conducted to demonstrate the security, privacy, and improved performance of HES compared with current systems or schemes. Finally, the prototype implementation of HES is explored to verify its feasibility.
The crosstalk between macrophages and tubular epithelial cells (TECs) actively regulates the progression of renal fibrosis. In the present study, we revealed the significance of circular RNA ACTR2 ...(circACTR2) in regulating macrophage inflammation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of TECs, and the development of renal fibrosis. Our results showed UUO-induced renal fibrosis was associated with increased inflammation and EMT, hypertrophy of contralateral kidney, up-regulations of circACTR2 and NLRP3, and the down-regulation of miR-561. CircACTR2 sufficiently and essentially promoted the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, pyroptosis, and inflammation in macrophages, and through paracrine effect, stimulated EMT and fibrosis of TECs. Mechanistically, circACTR2 sponged miR-561 and up-regulated NLRP3 expression level to induce the secretion of IL-1β. In TECs, IL-1β induced renal fibrosis via up-regulating fascin-1. Knocking down circACTR2 or elevating miR-561 potently alleviated renal fibrosis in vivo
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In summary, circACTR2, by sponging miR-561, activated NLRP3 inflammasome, promoted macrophage inflammation, and stimulated macrophage-induced EMT and fibrosis of TECs. Knocking down circACTR2 and overexpressing miR-561 may, thus, benefit the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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EMUNI, FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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