With the ever‐deeper understanding of nano–bio interactions and the development of fabrication methodologies of nanomaterials, various therapeutic platforms based on nanomaterials have been developed ...for next‐generation oncological applications, such as osteosarcoma therapy. In this work, a black phosphorus (BP) reinforced 3D‐printed scaffold is designed and prepared to provide a feasible countermeasure for the efficient localized treatment of osteosarcoma. The in situ phosphorus‐driven, calcium‐extracted biomineralization of the intra‐scaffold BP nanosheets enables both photothermal ablation of osteosarcoma and the subsequent material‐guided bone regeneration in physiological microenvironment, and in the meantime endows the scaffolds with unique physicochemical properties favoring the whole stepwise therapeutic process. Additionally, a corrugated structure analogous to Haversian canals is found on newborn cranial bone tissue of Sprague–Dawley rats, which may provide much inspiration for the future research of bone‐tissue engineering.
A stepwise nanomedical therapeutic concept is proposed for osteosarcoma therapy by integrating 2D black phosphorous nanosheets into 3D‐printed bioglass scaffolds, which are capable of accomplishing combined photothermal therapy of tumors with the formation of new osseous tissue accompanying the degradation of the scaffolds, as systematically demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The residual of malignant tumor cells and lack of bone‐tissue integration are the two critical concerns of bone‐tumor recurrence and surgical failure. In this work, the rational integration of 2D ...Ti3C2 MXene is reported with 3D‐printing bioactive glass (BG) scaffolds for achieving concurrent bone‐tumor killing by photonic hyperthermia and bone‐tissue regeneration by bioactive scaffolds. The designed composite scaffolds take the unique feature of high photothermal conversion of integrated 2D Ti3C2 MXene for inducing bone‐tumor ablation by near infrared‐triggered photothermal hyperthermia, which has achieved the complete tumor eradication on in vivo bone‐tumor xenografts. Importantly, the rational integration of 2D Ti3C2 MXene is demonstrated to efficiently accelerate the in vivo growth of newborn bone tissue of the composite BG scaffolds. The dual functionality of bone‐tumor killing and bone‐tissue regeneration makes these Ti3C2 MXene‐integrated composite scaffolds highly promising for the treatment of bone tumors, which also substantially broadens the biomedical applications of 2D MXenes in tissue engineering, especially on the treatment of bone tumors.
The rational design of 2D MXenes in tissue‐engineering biomedical field is reported, taking their unique characteristics of highly efficient near‐infrared‐triggered photothermal‐conversion performance and enhanced bone‐tissue regeneration capability, especially on combating bone tumors.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
As the crucial powerhouse for cell metabolism and tissue survival, the mitochondrion frequently undergoes morphological or positional changes when responding to various stresses and energy demands. ...In addition to intracellular changes, mitochondria can also be transferred intercellularly. Besides restoring stressed cells and damaged tissues due to mitochondrial dysfunction, the intercellular mitochondrial transfer also occurs under physiological conditions. In this review, the phenomenon of mitochondrial transfer is described according to its function under both physiological and pathological conditions, including tissue homeostasis, damaged tissue repair, tumor progression, and immunoregulation. Then, the mechanisms that contribute to this process are summarized, such as the trigger factors and transfer routes. Furthermore, various perspectives are explored to better understand the mysteries of cell-cell mitochondrial trafficking. In addition, potential therapeutic strategies for mitochondria-targeted application to rescue tissue damage and degeneration, as well as the inhibition of tumor progression, are discussed.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease and is the leading cause of chronic disability among older people. Chondrocyte death and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation was involved in OA ...pathogenesis. Ferroptosis was an iron-dependent cell death associated with peroxidation of lipids. Here, we proved that ferroptosis exists in OA and identified glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) as an important regulator of OA.
Ferroptosis-related alterations were analyzed in human OA and undamaged cartilage. Expression of GPX4 was examined in 55 paired human OA samples. Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and Deferoxamine (DFO) were used to treat OA, in vitro and in vivo. Alterations of GPX4-mediated signaling pathway were identified by RNA-seq analysis. AAV-Gpx4-shRNA were used to downregulate GPX4 expression in vivo.
Transcriptomic, biochemical, and microscopical analyses indicated that ferroptosis was closely associated with OA. Expression of GPX4 in the OA cartilage from 55 OA patients were significantly lower than undamaged cartilage. Fer-1 and DFO could protect OA in a necroptosis-independent manner, suggesting that ferroptosis exists in OA prog. Importantly, GPX4 downregulation could increase the sensitivity of chondrocytes to oxidative stress and aggravate ECM degradation through the MAPK/NFκB pathway. Furthermore, downregulation of GPX4 expression by AAV-Gpx4 shRNA aggravated OA in vivo.
Ferroptosis contributes to OA pathogenesis and GPX4 was the intersection of two mechanisms in regulating OA progression: ferroptosis and ECM degradation.
This work was supported by the Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges of National Natural Science Funding of China (Grant no. 81820108020), the National Key Research and Development Project of China (Grant no. 2018YFC1106300) and the Basic Science Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital (Grant no. ynms202102).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Highlights
2D Nb
2
C MXene-integrated 3D-printing scaffolds against osteosarcoma were constructed with theragenerative functionality.
Nb
2
C MXene in 3D scaffolds enabled photothermal ablation of ...osteosarcoma at NIR-II biowindow.
Nb
2
C MXene in 3D scaffolds promoted osteogenesis, osteoconduction and osteoinduction, and drove vascularization for bone regeneration.
Early surgical resection and chemotherapy of bone cancer are commonly used in the treatment of bone tumor, but it is still highly challenging to prevent recurrence and fill the bone defect caused by the resection site. In this work, we report a rational integration of photonic-responsive two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin niobium carbide (Nb
2
C) MXene nanosheets (NSs) into the 3D-printed bone-mimetic scaffolds (NBGS) for osteosarcoma treatment. The integrated 2D Nb
2
C-MXene NSs feature specific photonic response in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biowindow with high tissue-penetrating depth, making it highly efficient in killing bone cancer cells. Importantly, Nb-based species released by the biodegradation of Nb
2
C MXene can obviously promote the neogenesis and migration of blood vessels in the defect site, which can transport more oxygen, vitamins and energy around the bone defect for the reparative process, and gather more immune cells around the defect site to accelerate the degradation of NBGS. The degradation of NBGS provides sufficient space for the bone remodeling. Besides, calcium and phosphate released during the degradation of the scaffold can promote the mineralization of new bone tissue. The intrinsic multifunctionality of killing bone tumor cell and promoting angiogenesis and bone regeneration makes the engineered Nb
2
C MXene-integrated composite scaffolds a distinctive implanting biomaterial on the efficient treatment of bone tumor.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
As the central component of the traveling wave tube (TWT), the thermal deformation of the electron gun is a critical concern. This paper presents a method for analyzing the electromagnetic ...characteristics of electron gun after thermal deformation. The method adopts multiple grid acceleration technology. Based on this method, a three-dimensional thermal stress analysis tool called the Thermal Stress Simulator (TSS) is developed. In addition, the TSS can be seamlessly coupled with the Thermal Simulator (TS) and the Electron Optical Simulator (EOS) previously developed by our team to realize the analysis of electromagnetic characteristics changes after thermal deformation and provide support for the reliable design of TWT.
The failure modes, ultimate load, stiffness performance, and their influencing factors of a composite sandwich laminated box beam under three-point bending load are studied by an experiment, finite ...element model, and analytical method. The three-point bending experiment was carried out on three different core composite sandwich laminated box beams, and the failure modes and bearing capacity were studied. With the use of composite progressive damage analysis and the core elastoplastic constitutive model, the finite element model of the composite sandwich laminated box beam was established, and the three-point bending failure process and failure modes were analyzed. The analytical model was established based on the Timoshenko beam theory. The overall bending stiffness and shear stiffness of the composite sandwich laminated box beam were calculated by the internal force–displacement relationship. The results show that the composite sandwich laminated box beam mainly suffers from local crushing failure, and the errors between the finite element simulation and the experiment result were within 7%. The analytical model of the composite sandwich laminated box beam can approximately predict the overall stiffness parameters, while the maximum error between theoretic results and experimental values was 5.2%. For composite aluminum honeycomb sandwich laminated box beams with a ratio of span to height less than 10, the additional deflection caused by shear deformation has an error of more than 25%. With the ratio of circumferential layers to longitudinal layers increasing, the three-point bending ultimate load of the composite sandwich laminated box beam increases, but the ratio of the overall stiffness to mass reduces. The use of low-density aluminum foam and smaller-wall-thickness cell aluminum honeycombs allows for the more obvious benefits of light weight.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
As an excellent ceramic precursor, polysilazane could be cured at low temperatures, which provided a possibility for the preparation of thermal protective coatings for carbon fibers reinforced ...polymer (CFRP) composites. Hollow glass microspheres with low thermal conductivity were introduced into coatings. Meanwhile, the thermal protection effect of coatings was further enhanced. The dispersion and stability of hollow glass microspheres in polysilazane resin were improved by alkali treatment and grafting coupling agent. Results showed that the stability could be maintained within 2 h, which was feasible in engineering applications. Static thermal tests and hygrothermal aging tests were designed to evaluate the thermal insulation effect of the coating. After 10 min of heat assessment in air atmosphere, the three-point bending performance of coated samples was better than that of uncoated samples. The protection effect was more obvious when the test temperature was higher than the glass transition temperature of carbon fibers reinforced epoxy composites. The bending strength of the coated sample at 270 °C was 743.9 ± 11.9 MPa, which was higher than that of the uncoated sample at 210 °C (743.4 ± 22.3 MPa). According to the result of 5 cycles hygrothermal aging test, the negative effect of acid environments was greater than that of alkali or water. Dynamic thermomechanical analyzer results showed that the coating effectively prevented the damage of water, alkali, or acid environments on the epoxy resin. The above results indicated that the existence of polysilazane and hollow glass microsphere coating systems could further expand the high-temperature application of CFRP.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Nitrification inhibitor (NI) is often claimed to be efficient in mitigating nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural production systems by slowing down nitrification. Increasing evidence suggests that ...ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) have the genetic potential to produce nitrous oxide (N
2
O) and perform the first step of nitrification, but their contribution to N
2
O and nitrification remains unclear. Furthermore, both AOA and AOB are probably targets for NIs, but a quantitative synthesis is lacking to identify the “indicator microbe” as the best predictor of NI efficiency under different environmental conditions. In this present study, a meta-analysis to assess the response characteristics of AOB and AOA to NI application was conducted and the relationship between NI efficiency and the AOA and AOB
amo
A genes response under different conditions was evaluated. The dataset consisted of 48 papers (214 observations). This study showed that NIs on average reduced 58.1% of N
2
O emissions and increased 71.4% of soil
NH
4
+
concentrations, respectively. When 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) was applied with both organic and inorganic fertilizers in alkaline medium soils, it had higher efficacy of decreasing N
2
O emissions than in acidic soils. The abundance of AOB
amo
A genes was dramatically reduced by about 50% with NI application in most soil types. Decrease in N
2
O emissions with NI addition was significantly correlated with AOB changes (
R
2
= 0.135,
n
= 110,
P
< 0.01) rather than changes in AOA, and there was an obvious correlation between the changes in
NH
4
+
concentration and AOB
amo
A gene abundance after NI application (
R
2
= 0.037,
n
= 136,
P
= 0.014). The results indicated the principal role of AOB in nitrification, furthermore, AOB would be the best predictor of NI efficiency.
Purpose
The effects of straw incorporation on soil nitrous oxide (N
2
O) emission at the soil aggregate scale have yet to be elucidated, especially with supplemental nitrogen (N) and/or organic ...carbon (OC). The objective of this study was to evaluate N
2
O emission across different size soil aggregates of 6-year straw-incorporated soil as affected by exogenous N and OC treatments.
Materials and methods
In the present study, the N
2
O emission from different particle size soil aggregates (> 2, 1–2, 0.25–1, and < 0.25 mm) were investigated with/without 6-year maize straw incorporation under protected vegetable production. Ammonium sulfate (100 mg N kg
−1
) or ammonium sulfate (100 mg N kg
−1
) + glucose (100 mg C kg
−1
) were applied to these soil aggregates along with an unamended treatment (Control, CK) and incubated in a robotized continuous on-line incubation system for 200 h at 20℃ and 25% gravimetric water content. The dynamics of N
2
O emission was conducted in closed bottles with 21% initial oxygen concentration.
Results and discussion
The results showed that the proportion of > 1 mm aggregates and < 1 mm aggregates in straw-incorporated soil were increased 10.2% and decreased 29.1%, respectively, than those in no straw-incorporated soil. For all investigated treatments, < 0.25 mm aggregates had the highest cumulative N
2
O emission with 2.15–45.1 nmol N g
−1
across all aggregate sizes. Cumulative N
2
O emission in < 0.25 mm aggregate of straw-incorporated soil was greater than that in no straw-incorporated soil without exogenous N and OC addition. N addition stimulated N
2
O emission from all size aggregates, and the N-stimulating effects were enhanced by the simultaneous addition of glucose. With exogenous N, N, and OC additions, cumulative N
2
O emission in > 2 mm, 1–2 mm, and 0.25–1 mm aggregates of straw-incorporated soil was greater than that in no straw-incorporated soil.
Conclusions
These results suggested that the characteristic of N
2
O emissions across different size aggregates from straw-incorporated soil is altered with supplemental N and OC. The study highlights that the N
2
O emission from straw-incorporated soil was stimulated by exogenous organic carbon and nitrogen addition within > 0.25 mm aggregate.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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