With the fast‐growing demand for green and safe energy sources, rechargeable ion batteries have gradually occupied the major current market of energy storage devices due to their advantages of high ...capacities, long cycling life, superior rate ability, and so on. Metallic Sn‐based anodes are perceived as one of the most promising alternatives to the conventional graphite anode and have attracted great attention due to the high theoretical capacities of Sn in both lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) (994 mA h g−1) and sodium‐ion batteries (847 mA h g−1). Though Sony has used Sn–Co–C nanocomposites as its commercial LIB anodes, to develop even better batteries using metallic Sn‐based anodes there are still two main obstacles that must be overcome: poor cycling stability and low coulombic efficiency. In this review, the latest and most outstanding developments in metallic Sn‐based anodes for LIBs and SIBs are summarized. And it covers the modification strategies including size control, alloying, and structure design to effectually improve the electrochemical properties. The superiorities and limitations are analyzed and discussed, aiming to provide an in‐depth understanding of the theoretical works and practical developments of metallic Sn‐based anode materials.
To overcome the main obstacles of poor cycling stability and low coulombic efficiency faced by metallic Sn‐based anodes, a lot of modification methods have been developed, including size control, alloying, and structure design. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art works of metallic Sn‐based anodes are summarized and classified, and the superiorities and limitations are analyzed and discussed.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The MXene‐based heterostructures have recently attracted great interest as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Nonetheless, the complicated and harsh preparation process impedes their ...further commercialization. Herein, a novel, safe, low‐destructive, and universal strategy for rationally fabricating Ti3C2Tx MXene/transition metal sulfides (MSy) heterostructures is presented via Lewis acidic molten salts etching and subsequent in situ sulfurization treatment. Benefiting from the interfacial electronic coupling between highly conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene (Tx = O and Cl) and MSy (M = Fe, Co and Ni), the heterostructures possess remarkably improved electronic conductivity, promoted Na+ migration kinetics, and robust architectures. As a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, the Ti3C2Tx/FeS2 heterostructure demonstrates outstanding rate performance (456.6 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) and long‐term cyclic stability (474.9 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles at 5 A g−1) when serving as SIB anodes. Impressively, a sodium‐ion full battery with Ti3C2Tx/FeS2 anode delivers an excellent reversible capacity of 431.6 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 3 A g−1. Moreover, the dual sodium storage behavior of Ti3C2Tx/FeS2 heterostructure and underlying mechanism toward exceptional electrochemical performance are revealed by comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations. Based on the full utilization of molten salt etching products, the present work offers new insight into the fabrication of MXene‐based heterostructures.
A series of Ti3C2Tx MXene/MSy heterostructures (Tx = O and Cl, M = Fe, Co, and Ni) are fabricated by directly vulcanizing Ti3C2Tx/metal hybrids obtained by etching a Ti3AlC2 MAX precursor with various Lewis acidic molten salts, which is a simple, safe, low‐destructive, and general strategy. The heterostructures present superior electrochemical performance as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries derived from the interfacial electronic coupling effect.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Transition metal nitrides (TMNs) are affirmed to be an appealing candidate for boosting the performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries due to their excellent conductivity, strong interaction with ...sulfur species, and the effective catalytic ability for conversion of polysulfides. However, the traditional bulk TMNs are difficult to achieve large active surface area and fast transport channels for electrons/ions simultaneously. Here, a 2D ultrathin geometry of titanium nitride (TiN) is realized by a facile topochemical conversion strategy, which can not only serve as an interconnected conductive platform but also expose abundant catalytic active sites. The ultrathin TiN nanosheets are coated on a commercial separator, serving as a multifunctional interlayer in Li–S batteries for hindering the polysulfide shuttle effect by strong capture and fast conversion of polysulfides, achieving a high initial capacity of 1357 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and demonstrating a low capacity decay of only 0.046% per cycle over 1000 cycles at 1 C.
This research presents a free‐standing 2D ultrathin TiN realized via a facile topochemical conversion strategy, for lithium–sulfur batteries as a multifunctional interlayer. Based on the interconnected conductive platform and highly‐exposed catalytic active sites, the ultrathin TiN can effectively hinder the polysulfide shuttle effect by strong capture and fast conversion of polysulfides.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
An amorphous cross‐linked binder is prepared from abundant and low‐cost sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose by protonation and mixing and is used to improve the electrochemical performance of ...silicon anodes in lithium‐ion batteries. The amorphous cross‐linked structure, formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the functional groups in the two polymers, effectively enhances the flexibility and strength of the binder, resulting in strong adhesion between the binder and other components in the silicon anodes. Furthermore, the binder tolerates large volume changes and reduces the pulverization of silicon during the charge–discharge process. The hydrogen bonding in the binder helps to maintain the anode integrity during the volume change, leading to an excellent cycling stability and superior rate capability with a capacity of 1863 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 150 cycles.
Binders, keepers! An amorphous cross‐linked binder formed through hydrogen bonding can effectively tolerate the volume change of silicon during the cycling process, resulting in excellent cycling performance of a silicon anode. The hydrogen bonding in the binder maintains the anode integrity during the volume change, leading to an excellent cycling stability and superior rate ability with a capacity of 1863 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 150 cycles.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Recently, CuS has attracted intensive attention as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of decent theoretical capacity based on the conversion reaction mechanism. Nevertheless, rapid ...capacity degradation and inferior rate performance significantly deteriorate its further application. Herein, an in situ growth strategy has been proposed to integrate CuS with highly conductive Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene (T x = –O and –Cl) through Lewis acidic molten salt etching followed by the vulcanization treatment. By virtue of the boosted Na + diffusion and electronic transport kinetics, superior mechanical strain relief channel and robust interfacial covalent bonding, the as-prepared Ti 3 C 2 T x /CuS anode exhibits improved cyclic performance (347.0 mA h g −1 after 800 cycles at 3 A g −1 ) and excellent rate capability (346.3 mA h g −1 at 8 A g −1 ). Furthermore, the assembled full cell by pairing the Ti 3 C 2 T x /CuS anode with the Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathode demonstrates excellent cyclability up to 800 cycles. More importantly, the density functional theory calculations further reveal the origin of the promoted electrochemical performance of the Ti 3 C 2 T x /CuS composites. The presented strategy realizes the rational application of the Lewis acidic etching products and opens up a new door for the preparation of MXene/transition metal compounds hybrids as advanced SIB anodes.
Highlights
A facile NH
4
+
method was proposed to prepare Sn nanocomplex pillared few-layered Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene nanosheets.
The MXene nanosheets showed excellent lithium-ion storage performances ...among MXene-based materials, which can maintain 1016 mAh g
−1
after 1200 cycles at 2000 mA g
−1
and deliver a stable capacity of 680 mAh g
−1
at 5 A g
−1
.
MXenes have attracted great interest in various fields, and pillared MXenes open a new path with larger interlayer spacing. However, the further study of pillared MXenes is blocked at multilayered state due to serious restacking phenomenon of few-layered MXene nanosheets. In this work, for the first time, we designed a facile NH
4+
method to fundamentally solve the restacking issues of MXene nanosheets and succeeded in achieving pillared few-layered MXene. Sn nanocomplex pillared few-layered Ti
3
C
2
T
x
(STCT) composites were synthesized by introducing atomic Sn nanocomplex into interlayer of pillared few-layered Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXenes via pillaring technique. The MXene matrix can inhibit Sn nanocomplex particles agglomeration and serve as conductive network. Meanwhile, the Sn nanocomplex particles can further open the interlayer spacing of Ti
3
C
2
T
x
during lithiation/delithiation processes and therefore generate extra capacity. Benefiting from the “pillar effect,” the STCT composites can maintain 1016 mAh g
−1
after 1200 cycles at 2000 mA g
−1
and deliver a stable capacity of 680 mAh g
−1
at 5 A g
−1
, showing one of the best performances among MXene-based composites. This work will provide a new way for the development of pillared MXenes and their energy storage due to significant breakthrough from multilayered state to few-layered one.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Due to easy re-stacking, low yield of few-layered MXenes (f-MXenes), the applications of MXenes are mainly restricted in multi-layered MXenes (m-MXenes) state. Although f-MXenes can be prepared from ...m-MXenes, after exfoliation process, a mass of sediments which are still essentially compact MXenes are usually directly discarded, leading to low utilization of raw m-MXenes. Herein, a classified preparation strategy is adopted to exploit the raw m-MXenes and traditional MXenes sediments, taking multi-layered Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene as an example. Via rational delamination and subsequent treatment to Ti
3
C
2
T
x
sediments, we succeed in achieving classified and large-scale preparation of various Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene derivatives, including few-layered Ti
3
C
2
T
x
(f-Ti
3
C
2
T
x
) powders, f-Ti
3
C
2
T
x
films, and Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene-derived nanowires with heterostructure of potassium titanate and Ti
3
C
2
T
x
. We demonstrate the necessity of “step-by-step delamination” towards traditional Ti
3
C
2
T
x
sediments to improve the yield of f-Ti
3
C
2
T
x
from 15% to 72%; the feasibility of “solution-phase flocculation (SPF)” to fundamentally solve the re-stacking phenomenon, and oxidation degradation issues of f-Ti
3
C
2
T
x
during storage; as well as the convenience of SPF to deal with time-consuming issues of fabricating Ti
3
C
2
T
x
films. What’s more, alkali-heat treatment of final Ti
3
C
2
T
x
sediments turns waste into treasure of Ti
3
C
2
T
x
-derived nanowires, leading to 100% utilization of raw Ti
3
C
2
T
x
. The content of one-dimensional (1D) nanowires in the hybrids can be adjusted by controlling alkalization time. The 3D architecture heterostructure composed of 1D nanowires and 2D nanosheets exhibits gorgeous application potential. This work can expand preparation and application of various MXenes derivatives, promoting process of various MXenes.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Fast lithium‐ion diffusion is very important to obtain high capacity and excellent cycling stability of lithium–sulfur batteries. In this study, a copolymer micelle crosslinked binder (FNA) for ...lithium–sulfur batteries was successfully synthesized through a one‐pot environmentally friendly approach. The micelles were used as crosslinkers and carriers for the electrolyte. The FNA binder provided multiple lithium‐ion diffusion pathways to increase the lithium‐ion diffusion, which reduced the polarization of the sulfur cathode during the cycling process. The lithium‐ion diffusion pathways of the FNA were provided by the electrolyte hosted in the micelles, the polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide segments, and the carboxylate and sulfonate groups in the FNA. In addition, FNA possesses strong lithium polysulfides adsorption and high adhesion properties. Therefore, the electrode with the FNA binder presented a reversible capacity of 571 mAh g−1 with a capacity fade of 0.032 % after 1000 cycles at a cycling rate of 0.5 C, which is much higher than those of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sulfur cathode.
Crosslinking helps: A new copolymer micelle crosslinked binder can dramatically improve the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur batteries, owing to its strong adhesion, high adsorption of lithium polysulfides, and fast Li‐ion diffusion.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Highlights
Freestanding multicapsular carbon fibers (MCFs) cloth was synthesized by electrospinning and applied as interfacial layer to regulate the plating/stripping behavior of Zn anodes.
MCFs ...layer is supposed to uniformize the electric field and Zn
2+
flux, and the moderate zincophilicity enables the bottom-up deposition of Zn on Zn@MCFs anode, thereby leading to high-quality and rapid Zn deposition kinetics.
Superior electrochemical performance of Zn@MCFs is achieved in symmetrical, asymmetrical and Zn||MnO
2
batteries, including long cycling life, high coulombic efficiency and excellent rate performance.
Aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries are regarded as a competitive alternative to lithium-ion batteries because of their distinct advantages of high security, high energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, deep-seated problems including Zn dendrite and adverse side reactions severely impede the practical application. In this work, we proposed a freestanding Zn-electrolyte interfacial layer composed of multicapsular carbon fibers (MCFs) to regulate the plating/stripping behavior of Zn anodes. The versatile MCFs protective layer can uniformize the electric field and Zn
2+
flux, meanwhile, reduce the deposition overpotentials, leading to high-quality and rapid Zn deposition kinetics. Furthermore, the bottom-up and uniform deposition of Zn on the Zn-MCFs interface endows long-term and high-capacity plating. Accordingly, the Zn@MCFs symmetric batteries can keep working up to 1500 h with 5 mAh cm
−2
. The feasibility of the MCFs interfacial layer is also convinced in Zn@MCFs||MnO
2
batteries. Remarkably, the Zn@MCFs||α-MnO
2
batteries deliver a high specific capacity of 236.1 mAh g
−1
at 1 A g
−1
with excellent stability, and maintain an exhilarating energy density of 154.3 Wh kg
−1
at 33% depth of discharge in pouch batteries.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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