Failure probability of system components may vary with the changes of weather, environment and other operation conditions. The time-varying or condition-based failure probability can be represented ...using a fuzzy model. Based on credibility theory, this paper presents a novel operation risk assessment method to handle the two-fold uncertainty combining randomness and fuzziness in power system operations. In the proposed method, a random fuzzy model is developed to accommodate impacts due to various operation conditions and other factors on the failure probability of system components. The WECC nine-bus system, IEEE 14-bus system and an actual power system in Northeast China were used to demonstrate feasibility and applicability of the presented method. The operation risk assessment module using the proposed method has been embedded in the EMS system in a district control center of a power company to perform real-time operation risk assessment.
PC (phytocyanin) is a class of copper-containing electron transfer proteins closely related to plant photosynthesis, abiotic stress responses growth and development in plants, and regulation of the ...expression of some flavonoids and phenylpropanoids, etc., however, compared with other plants, the PC gene family has not been systematically characterized in apple.
A total of 59 MdPC gene members unevenly distributed across 12 chromosomes were identified at the genome-wide level. The proteins of the MdPC family were classified into four subfamilies based on differences in copper binding sites and glycosylation sites: Apple Early nodulin-like proteins (MdENODLs), Apple Uclacyanin-like proteins (MdUCLs), Apple Stellacyanin-like proteins (MdSCLs), and Apple Plantacyanin-like proteins (MdPLCLs). Some MdPC members with similar gene structures and conserved motifs belong to the same group or subfamily. The internal collinearity analysis revealed 14 collinearity gene pairs among members of the apple MdPC gene. Interspecific collinearity analysis showed that apple had 31 and 35 homologous gene pairs with strawberry and grape, respectively. Selection pressure analysis indicated that the MdPC gene was under purifying selection. Prediction of protein interactions showed that MdPC family members interacted strongly with the Nad3 protein. GO annotation results indicated that the MdPC gene also regulated the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Chip data analysis showed that (MdSCL3, MdSCL7 and MdENODL27) were highly expressed in mature fruits and peels. Many cis-regulatory elements related to light response, phytohormones, abiotic stresses and flavonoid biosynthetic genes regulation were identified 2000 bp upstream of the promoter of the MdPC gene, and qRT-PCR results showed that gene members in Group IV (MdSCL1/3, MdENODL27) were up-regulated at all five stages of apple coloring, but the highest expression was observed at the DAF13 (day after fruit bag removal) stage. The gene members in Group II (MdUCL9, MdPLCL3) showed down-regulated or lower expression in the first four stages of apple coloring but up-regulated and highest expression in the DAF 21 stage.
Herein, one objective of these findings is to provide valuable information for understanding the structure, molecular evolution, and expression pattern of the MdPC gene, another major objective in this study was designed to lay the groundwork for further research on the molecular mechanism of PC gene regulation of apple fruit coloration.
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Summary
Rice is a major food crop with enormous biomass residue for biofuels. As plant cell wall recalcitrance basically decides a costly biomass process, genetic modification of plant cell walls has ...been regarded as a promising solution. However, due to structural complexity and functional diversity of plant cell walls, it becomes essential to identify the key factors of cell wall modifications that could not much alter plant growth, but cause an enhancement in biomass enzymatic digestibility. To address this issue, we performed systems biology analyses of a total of 36 distinct cell wall mutants of rice. As a result, cellulose crystallinity (CrI) was examined to be the key factor that negatively determines either the biomass enzymatic saccharification upon various chemical pretreatments or the plant lodging resistance, an integrated agronomic trait in plant growth and grain production. Notably, hemicellulosic arabinose (Ara) was detected to be the major factor that negatively affects cellulose CrI probably through its interlinking with β‐1,4‐glucans. In addition, lignin and G monomer also exhibited the positive impact on biomass digestion and lodging resistance. Further characterization of two elite mutants, Osfc17 and Osfc30, showing normal plant growth and high biomass enzymatic digestion in situ and in vitro, revealed the multiple GH9B candidate genes for reducing cellulose CrI and XAT genes for increasing hemicellulosic Ara level. Hence, the results have suggested the potential cell wall modifications for enhancing both biomass enzymatic digestibility and plant lodging resistance by synchronically overexpressing GH9B and XAT genes in rice.
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To elucidate the structural characteristics, phylogeny and biological function of anthocyanin synthase (ANS) and its role in anthocyanin synthesis, members of the strawberry ANS gene family were ...obtained by whole genome retrieval, and their bioinformatic analysis and expression analysis at different developmental stages of fruit were performed. The results showed that the strawberry ANS family consisted of 141 members distributed on 7 chromosomes and could be divided into 4 subfamilies. Secondary structure prediction showed that the members of this family were mainly composed of random curls and α-helices, and were mainly located in chloroplasts, cytoplasm, nuclei and cytoskeletons. The promoter region of the FvANS gene family contains light-responsive elements, abiotic stress responsive elements and hormone responsive elements, etc. Intraspecific collinearity analysis revealed 10 pairs of FvANS genes, and interspecific collinearity analysis revealed more relationships between strawberries and apples, grapes and Arabidopsis, but fewer between strawberries and rice. Chip data analysis showed that FvANS15, FvANS41, FvANS47, FvANS48, FvANS49, FvANS67, FvANS114 and FvANS132 were higher in seed coat tissues and endosperm. FvANS16, FvANS85, FvANS90 and FvANS102 were higher in internal and fleshy tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the ANS gene was expressed throughout the fruit coloring process. The expression levels of most genes were highest in the 50% coloring stage (S3), such as FvANS16, FvANS19, FvANS31, FvANS43, FvANS73, FvANS78 and FvANS91. The expression levels of FvANS52 were the highest in the green fruit stage (S1), and FvANS39 and FvANS109 were the highest in the 20% coloring stage (S2). These results indicate that different members of the FvANS gene family play a role in different pigmentation stages, with most genes playing a role in the expression level of the rapid accumulation of fruit coloring. This study lays a foundation for further study on the function of ANS gene family.
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Leaf movement is a manifestation of plant response to the changing internal and external environment, aiming to optimize plant growth and development. Leaf movement is usually driven by a specialized ...motor organ, the pulvinus, and this movement is associated with different changes in volume and expansion on the two sides of the pulvinus. Blue light, auxin, GA, H
-ATPase, K
, Cl
, Ca
, actin, and aquaporin collectively influence the changes in water flux in the tissue of the extensor and flexor of the pulvinus to establish a turgor pressure difference, thereby controlling leaf movement. However, how these factors regulate the multicellular motility of the pulvinus tissues in a species remains obscure. In addition, model plants such as
,
, and
have been used to study pulvinus-driven leaf movement, showing a similarity in their pulvinus movement mechanisms. In this review, we summarize past research findings from the three model plants, and using
as an example, suggest that genes regulating pulvinus movement are also involved in regulating plant growth and development. We also propose a model in which the variation of ion flux and water flux are critical steps to pulvinus movement and highlight questions for future research.
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The color of strawberry fruit is an important appearance quality index that affects the marketability of fruit, and the content and type of anthocyanin are two of the main reasons for the formation ...of fruit color. At present, the research on anthocyanin synthesis mainly focuses on the phenylpropane metabolic pathway, and the
gene family is an important member of this metabolic pathway. Therefore, in order to clarify the role of flavanone 3-hydroxylase (
) in regulating anthocyanin accumulation in strawberry, we identified
gene family members in strawberry and analyzed their bioinformatics and expression at different fruit color stages. The results showed that the strawberry
family contains 126 members, which are distributed on seven chromosomes and can be divided into six subgroups. The promoter region of strawberry
gene family contains light response elements, abiotic stress response elements and hormone response elements. Intraspecic collinearity analysis showed that there were six pairs of collinearity of the
gene. Interspecific collinearity analysis showed that there were more collinearity relationships between strawberry and apple, grape and Arabidopsis, but less collinearity between strawberry and rice. Via tissue-specific expression analysis, we found that the expression levels of
and
were higher in the stages of germination, growth, flowering and fruit setting. The expression levels of
and
were higher in seeds. The expression levels of
and
were higher in the ovary wall of stage 1, stage 2, stage 3 and stage 5.
and
were highly expressed in the pericardium, anther, receptacle and anther. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed the expression changes in
in the fruit coloring process. The results indicate that the expression levels of most members were higher during the S3 stage, such as
and
and
exhibited particularly high expression levels during the S1 stage, with some genes also showing elevated expression during the S4 stage, including
and
and
showed higher expression levels during the S2 stage. These findings lay the groundwork for elucidating the biological functions of the strawberry
gene family and the selection of related genes.
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Anthocyanin synthase (ANS) is the enzyme downstream of the anthocyanins synthesis pathway and the rate-limiting enzyme of the synthesis pathway. It catalyzes the conversion of colorless anthocyanins ...to anthocyanins and plays an important role in plant color presentation and stress resistance. However, ANS gene is rarely studied in grapes.
In this study, 121 VvANS genes were identified and distributed on 18 chromosomes, VvANS family members were divided into 8 subgroups. Secondary structure prediction showed mainly irregular coils and α-helices, and subcellular localization indicated that VvANS gene family is mainly located in chloroplast, cytoplasm and nucleus. The promoter region of the VvANS gene family contains multiple cis-acting elements that are associated with light, abiotic stress, and hormones. Intraspecific collinearity analysis showed that there were 13 pairs of collinearity between VvANS genes. Interspecific collinearity analysis showed that there was more collinearity between grape, apple and Arabidopsis, but less collinearity between grape and rice. Microarray data analysis showed that VvANS17, VvANS23 and VvANS75 had higher expression levels in flesh and peel, while VvANS25, VvANS64 and VvANS106 had higher expression levels in flower. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that VvANS genes were expressed throughout the whole process of fruit coloring, such as VvANS47 and VvANS55 in the green fruit stage, VvANS3, VvANS64 and VvANS90 in the initial fruit color turning stage. The expression levels of VvANS21, VvANS79 and VvANS108 were higher at 50% coloring stage, indicating that these genes play an important role in the fruit coloring process. VvANS4, VvANS66 and VvANS113 had the highest expression levels in the full maturity stage.
These results indicated that different members of VvANS gene family played a role in different coloring stages, and this study laid a foundation for further research on the function of ANS gene family.
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In order to solve the problem of water waste and environmental pollution in arid and semiarid areas, this study aimed to investigate the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on the ...growth of apple leaves, photosynthetic physiology, nutrient uptake and nitrogen use efficiency. A two-factor experimental design was used in this experiment. The first factor was three levels of irrigation (40–50%, 50–65%, 65–80% RWC, relative water content) and the second factor was four levels of nitrogen application (0, 150, 300, 600 kg/ha), which were a completely randomized combination. The results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application had significant effects on the growth, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyl and mineral element contents of apple tree leaves, but excessive input of water and nitrogen would restrain the growth of apple tree leaves. The Ndff% of different organs for apple trees were evaluated by 15N isotope tracer technology, and the highest Ndff% value was found in leaves, ranging from 1.01–1.23‰. Next were roots with 0.29–0.43‰, and the lowest Ndff% was found in fruits with 0.03–0.08‰. The calculation results of 15N utilization in apple trees showed that nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) under the medium-water low nitrogen (W1N1) treatment had the highest value with 43.33%. In conclusion, considering the growth physiology and nitrogen utilization of apple trees, it is recommended that a water and fertilizer coupling combination scheme for apple trees in arid and semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau should be that of a medium-water and medium-nitrogen mode (W1N2, 50–65% RWC, 300 kg/ha).
Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is an important link in the process of sugar metabolism. In addition, it is also involved in abiotic stresses in plants. In order to study the SPS gene family and its ...role in abiotic stress, we identified the MdSPS gene family members by bioinformatics methods such as correlation analysis, the HMM method, and the Clustering method, and analyzed the transient expression of MdSPS genes by quantitative real-time fluorescence analysis (qRT-PCR). The MdSPS gene family consists of a total of 19 members divided into three subfamilies distributed on 14 chromosomes in apples. The MdSPS gene family has 12 collinearity gene pairs, indicating significant duplication. Most members of this family contain a large number of plant hormone response elements, light-inducible elements, and abiotic stress response elements 2kb upstream of the promoter. Codon bias analysis shows that there are 28 high-frequency codons and no codons with strong preference in this family. Gene chip results showed that only MdSPS2, MdSPS3, MdSPS11, and MdSPS17 were up-regulated in roots, and they were all members of subfamily C. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that all members of this family responded significantly to drought stress, salt stress, and low temperature stress. Interestingly, the relative expression of MdSPS12 was significantly down-regulated under salt stress and low temperature stress. In addition, the expression of MdSPS3, MdSPS8, MdSPS11, and MdSPS17 was more than 20 fold higher than that of the control under drought stress, salt stress, and low temperature stress. These four genes could be candidates for molecular breeding in the MdSPS family.
Phototropism movement is crucial for plants to adapt to various environmental changes. Plant P‐type H+‐ATPase (HA) plays diverse roles in signal transduction during cell expansion, regulation of ...cellular osmotic potential and stomatal opening, and circadian movement. Despite numerous studies on the genome‐wide analysis of Vitis vinifera, no research has been done on the P‐type H+‐ATPase family genes, especially concerning pulvinus‐driven leaf movement. In this study, 55 VvHAs were identified and classified into nine distinct subgroups (1 to 9). Gene members within the same subgroups exhibit similar features in motif, intron/exon, and protein tertiary structures. Furthermore, four pairs of genes were derived by segmental duplication in grapes. Cis‐acting element analysis identified numerous light/circadian‐related elements in the promoters of VvHAs. qRT‐PCR analysis showed that several genes of subgroup 7 were highly expressed in leaves and pulvinus during leaf movement, especially VvHA14, VvHA15, VvHA16, VvHA19, VvHA51, VvHA52, and VvHA54. Additionally, we also found that the VvHAs genes were asymmetrically expressed on both sides of the extensor and flexor cell of the motor organ, the pulvinus. The expression of VvHAs family genes in extensor cells was significantly higher than that in flexor cells. Overall, this study serves as a foundation for further investigations into the functions of VvHAs and contributes to the complex mechanisms underlying grapevine pulvinus growth and development.
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