Although black women experienced greater cervical cancer incidence and mortality rate reduction in recent years, they continue to have higher incidence rates than whites. Great variations also exist ...among geographic regions of the US, with the South having both the highest incidence and mortality rates compared to other regions. The present study explores the question of whether living in the South is associated with greater racial disparity in cervical cancer incidence and mortality by examining race- and region-specific rates and the trend between 2000 and 2012.
The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 Program data was used. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, annual percent changes, and disparity ratios were calculated using SEER*Stat software and Joinpoint regression for four groups: US14-Non-Hispanic White (NHW), US14-Non-Hispanic Black (NHB), South-NHW, and South-NHB, where South included 4 registries from Georgia and Louisiana and US14 were 14 US registries except the four South registries.
The average age-adjusted cervical cancer incidence rate was the highest among South-NHBs (11.1) and mortality rate was the highest among US14-NHBs (5.4). In 2012, the degree of racial disparities between South-NHBs and South-NHWs was greater in terms of mortality rates (NHB:NHW = 1.80:1.35) than incidence rates (NHB:NHW = 1.45:1.15). While mortality disparity ratios decreased from 2000-2012 for US14-NHB (APC: -1.9(-2.3,-1.4), mortality disparity ratios for South-NHWs (although lower than NHBs) increased compared to US14-NHW. Incidence rates for NHBs continued to increase with increasing age, whereas rates for NHWs decreased after age 40. Mortality rates for NHBs dramatically increased at age 65 compared to a relatively stable trend for NHWs. The increasing racial disparity with increasing age in terms of cervical cancer incidence rates became more pronounced when corrected for hysterectomy prevalence.
Black race and South region were associated with higher cervical cancer incidence and mortality. Cervical cancer rates uncorrected for hysterectomy may underestimate regional and racial disparities. Increasing incidence rates for older NHBs compared to NHWs warrant further research to determine whether screening should continue for NHBs over age 65.
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Due to economical and ethical reasons, the two-stage designs have been widely used for Phase 2 single-arm trials in oncology because the designs allow us to stop the trial early if the proposed ...treatment is likely to be ineffective. Nonetheless, none has examined the usage for published articles that had applied the two-stage designs in Phase 2 single-arm trials in brain tumor. A complete systematic review and discussions for overcoming design issues might be important to better understand why oncology trials have shown low success rates in early phase trials.
We systematically reviewed published single-arm two-stage Phase 2 trials for patients with glioblastoma and high-grade gliomas (including newly diagnosed or recurrent). We also sought to understand how these two-stage trials have been implemented and discussed potential design issues which we hope will be helpful for investigators who work with Phase 2 clinical trials in rare and high-risk cancer studies including Neuro-Oncology. The systematic review was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)-statement. Searches were conducted using the electronic database of PubMed, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov for potentially eligible publications from inception by two independent researchers up to May 26, 2022. The followings were key words for the literature search as index terms or free-text words: "phase II trials", "glioblastoma", and "two-stage design". We extracted disease type and setting, population, therapeutic drug, primary endpoint, input parameters and sample size results from two-stage designs, and historical control reference, and study termination status.
Among examined 29 trials, 12 trials (41%) appropriately provided key input parameters and sample size results from two-stage design implementation. Among appropriately implemented 12 trials, discouragingly only 3 trials (10%) explained the reference information of historical control rates. Most trials (90%) used Simon's two-stage designs. Only three studies have been completed for both stages and two out of the three completed studies had shown the efficacy.
Right implementation for two-stage design and sample size calculation, transparency of historical control and experimental rates, appropriate selection on primary endpoint, potential incorporation of adaptive designs, and utilization of Phase 0 paradigm might help overcoming the challenges on glioblastoma therapeutic trials in Phase 2 trials.
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Objectives: To compare the risk of insomnia symptoms among community-dwelling older adults who participated and did not participate in organized social activity and physical exercise. Design: ...Secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study. Material and Methods: Community-dwelling older adults ≥65 years of age with no insomnia symptoms at baseline were included in the study. Participants were followed up yearly for 3 years. Insomnia symptoms, social activity, and physical exercise status of study participants were assessed at baseline and during follow-up. Results: Study participants who reported engaging in organized social activity and low-intensity physical exercise and organized social activity and high-intensity physical exercise were less likely to report insomnia symptoms during follow-up compared with those who did not engage in any activity. Conclusion: These results suggest beneficial effect of organized social activity and physical exercise in maintaining sleep quality in old age.
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Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients often report high symptom burden that persists despite the best available pharmacologic therapy. Meditation has gained popularity in recent decades as a way ...to manage cancer patient symptoms.
The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of 2 different consumer-based meditation smartphone apps in MPN patients and to examine the limited efficacy of smartphone-based meditation on symptoms compared with an educational control group.
Patients (n=128) were recruited nationally through organizational partners and social media. Eligible and consented patients were enrolled into 1 of 4 groups, 2 of which received varying orders of 2 consumer-based apps (10% Happier and Calm) and 2 that received one of the apps alone for the second 4 weeks of the 8-week intervention after an educational control condition. Participants were asked to perform 10 min of meditation per day irrespective of the app and the order in which they received the apps. Feasibility outcomes were measured at weeks 5 and 9 with a Web-based survey. Feasibility outcomes were acceptability, demand, and limited efficacy for depression, anxiety, pain intensity, sleep disturbance, sexual function, quality of life, global health, and total symptom burden.
A total of 128 patients were enrolled across all 4 groups, with 73.4% (94/128) patients completing the intervention. Of the participants who completed the 10% Happier app, 61% (46/76) enjoyed it, 66% (50/76) were satisfied with the content, and 77% (59/76) would recommend to others. Of those who completed the Calm app, 83% (56/68) enjoyed it, 84% (57/68) were satisfied with the content, and 97% (66/68) would recommend to others. Of those who completed the educational control, 91% (56/61) read it, 87% (53/61) enjoyed it, and 71% (43/61) learned something. Participants who completed the 10% Happier app averaged 31 (SD 33) min/week; patients completing the Calm app averaged 71 (SD 74) min/week. 10% Happier app participants saw small effects on anxiety (P<.001 d=-0.43), depression (P=.02; d=-0.38), sleep disturbance (P=.01; d=-0.40), total symptom burden (P=.13; d=-0.27), and fatigue (P=.06; d=-0.30), and moderate effects on physical health (P<.001; d=0.52). Calm app participants saw small effects on anxiety (P=.29; d=-0.22), depression (P=.09; d=-0.29), sleep disturbance (P=.002; d=-0.47), physical health (P=.005; d=0.44), total symptom burden (P=.13; d=-0.27), and fatigue (P=.13; d=-0.27). Educational control participants (n=61) did not have effects on any patient-reported outcome except for a moderate effect on physical health (P<.001; d=0.77).
Delivering meditation via the Calm app is feasible and scored higher in terms of feasibility when compared with the 10% Happier app. The Calm app will be used to implement a randomized controlled trial, testing the effects of meditation on symptom burden in MPNs.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03726944; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03726944 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/77MVdFJwM).
Objective: To examine the association between organized social activity, walking exercise, and insomnia symptoms. Material and Method: Data for analysis are derived from the National Health Aging ...Trends Study (NHATS). At baseline, demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, health-related behaviors, sleep-related problems, and health status were assessed using questionnaires. Results: Data for 7,162 community-dwelling older adults were available for analysis. Difficulty falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, and both insomnia symptoms were reported by 12%, 5%, and 11% of the participants, respectively. The proportion of participants who reported engaging in organized social activity, walking exercise, and both activities were 11%, 35%, and 26%, respectively. Participants who reported engaging in organized social activity and/or walking exercise were significantly less likely to report insomnia symptoms. Conclusion: These results have important implications for future studies that plan to implement nonpharmacological interventions for management of insomnia among older adults.
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Abstract
Background: Many of these practical applications typically produce huge data sets that contain several thousands of objects with hundreds (or even thousands) of features that describe each ...object. Automatic modeling, organizingand interpreting these large-scale data sets is increasingly part of various disciplines, such as health, medicine, and biology. The study aims to propose a new framework for constrained learning of predictive models where we enforce additional constraints for the models to be as similar as possible.
Methods: We develop a new task of differential predictive modeling to solve the problem of differences in the data distributions by developing a continuum of predictive models. To achieve this, we construct a new framework for constrained learning of predictive models where we enforce additional constraints for the models to be as similar as possible. The major distinction of our approach with the existing methods is that none of the existing methods explore the model distance based on building the similar tree concept. We compute the distance between two datasets from the structural information about the induced trees without referring back to the original data statistics or the model statistics. Our 29-state Medicaid dataset, which contains 100% of the claims for 90% of all African American and 90% of all Hispanic and Latino Medicaid enrollees in the entire U.S. geo-coded at the zip code and county levels.
Principal Findings: The goal of the disparities work is to capture the differences across different population groups and provide a better understanding that can explain these differences. Using this model, we could be able to measure the group difference in a particular minority group and compare these differences across the other subgroups. This is useful in ranking the groups where the disparity varies from the highest to the lowest. The novelty of our approach is that it captures the disparity of groups through a systematic comparison of multivariate models which cannot be done using any of the existing methods available in the machine learning methods.
Conclusions: This model has the potential to dictate more aggressive new therapeutic treatments for specific subsets of high-risk patients. This project proposes new research directions in exploratory tools needed by the domain experts analyzing their data. It will provide significant insights for data analysis that can be utilized in various domains of science. One of the ultimate goals of the proposed research is the development of a clinician-friendly software and web-based analysis tool to analyze the health disparity multivariate data using the prediction models.
Citation Format: Wonsuk Yoo. Differential predictive modeling to grasp disparities among sub-populations abstract. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-154.
In this letter, a HTTP-based adaptive rate control streaming (HARCS) scheme that selects the video quality level of each chunk for extending playback time is proposed. For this purpose, the expected ...energy consumption for downloading remaining chunks to be received is stochastically modeled by considering the time-varying wireless network conditions and video characteristics. Then, based on the derived energy model as well as the mobile device's remaining battery energy, the proposed HARCS scheme adaptively selects the video quality level of each chunk. Measurement results show that HARCS can extend the video playback time up to 57.64% when compared with the conventional adaptation scheme that only considers the wireless network status.
Chronic chorioamnionitis is found in more than one-third of spontaneous preterm births. Chronic chorioamnionitis and villitis of unknown etiology represent maternal anti-fetal cellular rejection. ...Antibody-mediated rejection is another type of transplantation rejection. We investigated whether there was evidence for antibody-mediated rejection against the fetus in spontaneous preterm birth.
This cross-sectional study included women with (1) normal pregnancy and term delivery (n = 140) and (2) spontaneous preterm delivery (n = 140). We analyzed maternal and fetal sera for panel-reactive anti-HLA class I and class II antibodies, and determined C4d deposition on umbilical vein endothelium by immunohistochemistry. Maternal anti-HLA class I seropositivity in spontaneous preterm births was higher than in normal term births (48.6% vs. 32.1%, p = 0.005). Chronic chorioamnionitis was associated with a higher maternal anti-HLA class I seropositivity (p<0.01), significant in preterm and term birth. Villitis of unknown etiology was associated with increased maternal and fetal anti-HLA class I and II seropositivity (p<0.05, for each). Fetal anti-HLA seropositivity was closely related to maternal anti-HLA seropositivity in both groups (p<0.01, for each). C4d deposition on umbilical vein endothelium was more frequent in preterm labor than term labor (77.1% vs. 11.4%, p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that chronic chorioamnionitis (OR = 6.10, 95% CI 1.29-28.83), maternal anti-HLA class I seropositivity (OR = 5.90, 95% CI 1.60-21.83), and C4d deposition on umbilical vein endothelium (OR = 36.19, 95% CI 11.42-114.66) were associated with preterm labor and delivery.
A major subset of spontaneous preterm births has a signature of maternal anti-fetal cellular and antibody-mediated rejections with links to fetal graft-versus-host disease and alloimmune reactions.
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Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) mode is a promising 5G technology for various real-time applications, such as, autonomous vehicles, augmented reality, and factory automation. Several ...papers on URLLC exist, however, most papers only focus on ways to achieve high reliability, and lack mathematical analysis of delay related to packet errors, retransmissions, and bandwidth. In this paper, a M/G/1 queuing model is applied to analyze the erroneous transmission recovery delay of URLLC multi-user services, and using this model the minimum required bandwidth is derived and applied into an adaptive control scheme. The proposed Pollaczek-Khinchine (P-K) formula based quadratic optimization (PFQO) scheme optimizes the bandwidth requirement by controlling the maximum retransmission parameter of the hybrid automatic repeated request (HARQ) mechanism in URLLC. Simulation results show the bandwidth saving effect of the proposed PFQO scheme based on various signal to interference plus noise ratios (SINRs) and packet length distributions.
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