Adipose tissue secretes many adipokines which contribute to various metabolic processes, such as blood pressure, glucose homeostasis, inflammation and angiogenesis. The biology of adipose tissue in ...an obese individual is abnormally altered in a manner that increases the body's vulnerability to immune diseases, such as psoriasis. Psoriasis is considered a chronic inflammatory skin disease which is closely associated with being overweight and obese. Additionally, secretion of leptin, a type of adipokine, increases dependently on adipose cell size and adipose accumulation. Likewise, high leptin levels also aggravate obesity via development of leptin resistance, suggesting that leptin and obesity are closely related. Leptin induction in psoriatic patients is mainly driven by the interleukin (IL)-23/helper T (Th) 17 axis pathway. Furthermore, leptin can have an effect on various types of immune cells such as T cells and dendritic cells. Here, we discuss the relationship between obesity and leptin expression as well as the linkage between effect of leptin on immune cells and psoriasis progression.
Adipose tissue secretes many adipokines which contribute to various metabolic processes, such as blood pressure, glucose homeostasis, inflammation and angiogenesis. The biology of adipose tissue in ...an obese individual is abnormally altered in a manner that increases the body’s vulnerability to immune diseases, such as psoriasis. Psoriasis is considered a chronic inflammatory skin disease which is closely associated with being overweight and obese. Additionally, secretion of leptin, a type of adipokine, increases dependently on adipose cell size and adipose accumulation. Likewise, high leptin levels also aggravate obesity via development of leptin resistance, suggesting that leptin and obesity are closely related. Leptin induction in psoriatic patients is mainly driven by the interleukin (IL)-23/helper T (Th) 17 axis pathway. Furthermore, leptin can have an effect on various types of immune cells such as T cells and dendritic cells. Here, we discuss the relationship between obesity and leptin expression as well as the linkage between effect of leptin on immune cells and psoriasis progression.
Although theoretical studies and experimental research have shown outstanding mechanical properties of graphene, its brittleness and low toughness restrict its widespread industrial use. Here, we ...conducted a study to examine the impact of encapsulated Ag nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of graphene through in situ nanomechanical testing in an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope (TEM). The presence of Ag nanoparticles was found to decrease crack propagation speed, enabling the TEM observation of crack deflection around the nanoparticles at nanoscale, as well as real-time measurement of the concomitant increase in stress. Using our nanomechanical testing data, we were able to quantitatively estimate the stress intensity factor, which serves as a measurement of fracture toughness for graphene, and then compared our results with previously reported values. We further discuss the role of nanoparticles in the propagation of cracks and their potential to enhance the toughness of materials. These findings have practical implications for the development of high-performance graphene composite materials.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The electronic, catalytic, and optical properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are significantly affected by oxidation, and using oxidation to tune the properties of TMDs has been ...actively explored. In particular, because transition metal oxides (TMOs) are promising hole injection layers, a TMD–TMO heterostructure can be potentially applied as a p-type semiconductor. However, the oxidation of TMDs has not been clearly elucidated because of the structural instability and the extremely small quantity of oxides formed. Here, we reveal the phases and morphologies of oxides formed on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) using transmission electron microscopy analysis. We find that MoS2 starts to oxidize around 400 °C to form orthorhombic-phase molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) nanosheets. The α-MoO3 nanosheets so formed are stacked layer-by-layer on the underlying MoS2 via van der Waals interaction and the nanosheets are aligned epitaxially with six possible orientations. Furthermore, the band gap of MoS2 is increased from 1.27 to 3.0 eV through oxidation. Our study can be extended to most TMDs to form TMO–TMD heterostructures, which are potentially interesting as p-type transistors, gas sensors, or photocatalysts.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Even while being important components in day-to-day life and in advanced technology, the wider application of amorphous solids is limited by their brittle behavior. Although amorphous solids have ...been reported to show plasticity at the nanoscale, studies have so far been limited to metallic and oxide glasses. Here, we report on the tensile and fracture behavior of monolithic ultra-thin amorphous carbon (a-C) films during in situ nanomechanical testing inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Our results show that ultra-thin a-C films exhibit large plastic strain under uniaxial tension while retaining high strength. Beam-off tests confirm that the plasticity is not induced by electron-beam effects during testing. Consecutive cyclic tests and Raman spectra reveal that the plasticity results from an increased nanoporosity, and graphitic cluster size increases and bond/cluster alignments along the tensile direction occur and likely contributes to stiffening of the a-C film. Despite the large plastic strain, catastrophic failure still occurred accompanied by the formation of multiple shear bands, which has never been reported for amorphous carbon. This study serves as a basis for our better understanding of the mechanical behavior of amorphous solids such as ultra-thin a-C, and provides new opportunities in design of flexible electronics, mechanical nanocomponents, and nanocomposites.
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•Ultra-thin a-C films exhibit a near-theoretical tensile strength (~15 GPa) and a large tensile strain (~10%).•Nanovoids are created during tensile testing and cause plastic deformation.•Graphitic cluster size increases while maintaining the sp2/sp3 ratio, and bond/cluster alignments along the tensile direction occurs and contributes to the self-stiffening•We observed shear bands and straight fracture edges indicating a brittle fracture.•In an effort to directly observe the brittle fracture, we successfully captured a very fast fracture moment in TEM.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The electronic, catalytic, and optical properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are significantly affected by oxidation, and using oxidation to tune the properties of TMDs has been ...actively explored. In particular, because transition metal oxides (TMOs) are promising hole injection layers, a TMD-TMO heterostructure can be potentially applied as a p-type semiconductor. However, the oxidation of TMDs has not been clearly elucidated because of the structural instability and the extremely small quantity of oxides formed. Here, we reveal the phases and morphologies of oxides formed on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS
) using transmission electron microscopy analysis. We find that MoS
starts to oxidize around 400 °C to form orthorhombic-phase molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO
) nanosheets. The α-MoO
nanosheets so formed are stacked layer-by-layer on the underlying MoS
via van der Waals interaction and the nanosheets are aligned epitaxially with six possible orientations. Furthermore, the band gap of MoS
is increased from 1.27 to 3.0 eV through oxidation. Our study can be extended to most TMDs to form TMO-TMD heterostructures, which are potentially interesting as p-type transistors, gas sensors, or photocatalysts.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
With the emergence of large-language models (LLM) and generative AI, which require an enormous amount of model parameters, the required memory bandwidth and capacity for high-end systems is on an ...unprecedented increase. To meet this need, we present an extended version of the high-bandwidth memory-3 (HBM3 DRAM), HBM3E, which achieves a 1280GB/s bandwidth with a cube density of 48GB. New design schemes and features, such as all-around power-through-silicon via (TSV), a 6-phase read-data-strobe (RDQS) scheme, a byte-mapping swap scheme, and a voltage-drift compensator for write data strobe (WDQS), are implemented to achieve extended bandwidth and capacity with enhanced reliability. The overall architecture and specifications, such as bump map footprint, the number of channel and I/Os, and the operation voltage, are identical to the latest HBM3 1, 2; therefore, backward compatibility is provided, avoiding system modification.
A quantum confined transport based on a zinc oxide composite nanolayer that has conducting states with mobility edge quantization is proposed and was applied to develop multi-value logic transistors ...with stable intermediate states. A composite nanolayer with zinc oxide quantum dots embedded in amorphous zinc oxide domains generated quantized conducting states at the mobility edge, which we refer to as "mobility edge quantization". The unique quantized conducting state effectively restricted the occupied number of carriers due to its low density of states, which enable current saturation. Multi-value logic transistors were realized by applying a hybrid superlattice consisting of zinc oxide composite nanolayers and organic barriers as channels in the transistor. The superlattice channels produced multiple states due to current saturation of the quantized conducting state in the composite nanolayers. Our multi-value transistors exhibited excellent performance characteristics, stable and reliable operation with no current fluctuation, and adjustable multi-level states.
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