The limited benefits of immunotherapy against glioblastoma (GBM) is closely related to the paucity of T cells in brain tumor bed. Both systemic and local immunosuppression contribute to the ...deficiency of tumor-infiltrating T cells. However, the current studies focus heavily on the local immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment but not on the co-existence of systemic immunosuppression. Here, we develop a nanostructure named Nano-reshaper to co-encapsulate lymphopenia alleviating agent cannabidiol and lymphocyte recruiting cytokine LIGHT. The results show that Nano-reshaper increases the number of systemic T cells and improves local T-cell recruitment condition, thus greatly increasing T-cell infiltration. When combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor, this therapeutic modality achieves 83.3% long-term survivors without recurrence in GBM models in male mice. Collectively, this work unveils that simultaneous reprogramming of systemic and local immune function is critical for T-cell based immunotherapy and provides a clinically translatable option for combating brain tumors.
Heart failure (HF), as the leading cause of death, is continuing to increase along with the aging of the general population all over the world. Identification of diagnostic biomarkers for early ...detection of HF is considered as the most effective way to reduce the risk and mortality. Herein, we collected plasma samples from HF patients (n = 40) before and after medical therapy to determine the change of circulating miRNAs through a quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR)-based miRNA screening analysis. miR-30a-5p and miR-654-5p were identified as the most significantly changed miRNAs in the plasma of patients upon treatment. In consistence, miR-30a-5p showed upregulation and miR-654-5p showed downregulation in the circulation of 30 HF patients, compared to 15 normal controls in the training phase, from which a two-circulating miRNA model was developed for HF diagnosis. Next, we performed the model validation using an independent cohort including 50 HF patients and 30 controls. As high as 98.75% of sensitivity and 95.00% of specificity were achieved. A comparison between the miRNA model and NT-pro BNP in diagnostic accuracy of HF indicated an upward trend of the miRNA model. Moreover, change of the two miRNAs was further verified in association with the therapeutic effect of HF patients, in which miR-30a-5p showed decrease while miR-654-5p showed increase in the plasma of patients after LVAD implantation. In conclusion, the current study not only identified circulating miR-654-5p for the first time as a novel biomarker of HF, but also developed a novel 2-circulating miRNA model with promising potentials for diagnosis and prognosis of HF patients, and in association with therapeutic effects as well.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complicated neurodegenerative disease and therefore addressing multiple targets simultaneously has been believed as a promising therapeutic strategy against AD. α7 ...nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), which plays an important role in improving cognitive function and alleviating neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS), has been regarded as a potential target in the treatment of AD. However, the regulation of α7 nAChR at post‐transcriptional level in mammalian brain remains largely speculated. Herein, we uncovered a novel post‐transcriptional regulatory mechanism of α7 nAChR expression in AD and further demonstrated that miR‐98‐5p suppressed α7 nAChR expression through directly binding to the 3′UTR of mRNA. Knockdown of miR‐98‐5p activated Ca2+ signaling pathway and consequently reversed cognitive deficits and Aβ burden in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, miR‐98‐5p downregulation increased α7 nAChR expression, and ameliorated neuroinflammation via inhibiting NF‐κB pathway and upregulating Nrf2 target genes. Our findings illustrate a prominent regulatory role of miR‐98‐5p in targeting inflammation and cognition, and provide an insight into the potential of miR‐98‐5p/α7 nAChR axis as a novel therapeutic strategy for AD.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and the associated neuronal damage play critical roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Evidence shows an elevated concentration of ...extracellular copper(II) in the brains of these disorders, which may contribute to neuronal death through direct neurotoxicity. Here we explored whether extracellular copper(II) triggers microglial activation. Primary rat microglia and murine microglial cell line BV-2 cells were cultured and treated with copper(II). The content of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide in the medium was determined. Extracellular hydrogen peroxide was quantified by a fluorometric assay with Amplex Red. Mitochondrial superoxide was measured by MitoSOX oxidation. At subneurotoxic concentrations, copper(II) treatment induced a dose- and time-dependent release of TNF-α and nitric oxide from microglial cells, and caused an indirect, microglia-mediated neurotoxicity that was blocked by inhibition of TNF-α and nitric oxide production. Copper(II)-initiated microglial activation was accompanied with reduced IкB-α expression as well as phosphorylation and translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and was blocked by NF-κB inhibitors (BAY11-7082 and SC-514). Moreover, copper(II) treatment evoked a rapid release of hydrogen peroxide from microglial cells, an effect that was not affected by NADPH oxidase inhibitors. N-acetyl-cysteine, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), abrogated copper(II)-elicited microglial release of TNF-α and nitric oxide and subsequent neurotoxicity. Importantly, mitochondrial production of superoxide, paralleled to extracellular release of hydrogen peroxide, was induced after copper(II) stimulation. Our findings suggest that extracellular copper(II) at subneurotoxic concentrations could trigger NF-κB-dependent microglial activation and subsequent neurotoxicity. NADPH oxidase-independent, mitochondria-derived ROS may be involved in this activation.
•Subneurotoxic copper(II) triggers NF-κB-dependent microglial activation.•This activation leads to hippocampal neuronal death.•This activation may involve mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•Scratch injury increased the expression of KCa3.1 protein in reactive astrocytes.•Blockade of KCa3.1 inhibited astrogliosis and slowed astrocytes migration.•Blockade or gene deletion of KCa3.1 ...attenuated astrogliosis through the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway.
Reactive astrogliosis is widely considered to contribute to pathogenic responses to stress and brain injury and to diseases as diverse as ischemia and neurodegeneration. We previously found that expression of the intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa3.1) involved in TGF-β-activated astrogliosis. In the present study, we investigated whether migration of cortical astrocytes following mechanical scratch injury involves the KCa3.1 channel, which contributes to Ca2+-mediated migration in other cells. We found that scratch injury increased the expression of KCa3.1 protein in reactive astrocytes. Application of the KCa3.1 blocker TRAM-34 decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and slowed migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Application of the Ca2+ chelators, EGTA and BAPTA-AM, also slowed the migration of astrocytes. Blockade or genetic deletion of KCa3.1 both slowed and dramatically reduced the scratch injuries induced the sharp rise in astrocytes Ca2+ concentrations. The scratch injury-induced phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun proteins was also attenuated both by blockade of KCa3.1 with TRAM-34 and in KCa3.1−/− astrocytes. Using KCa3.1 knockout mice, we further confirmed that deletion of KCa3.1 reduced expression of GFAP in an in vivo stab wound model. Taken together, our findings highlight a novel role for KCa3.1 in phenotypic modulation of reactive astrocytes and in astrocyte mobilization in response to mechanical stress, providing a potential target for therapeutic intervention in brain injuries.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Light is the main source of energy for plant growth. Studies have shown that I. indigotica is a light-demanding plant and its yield and various active components are positively correlated with light ...intensity, but no studies of light intensity affecting energy metabolism in I. indigotica have been reported. Mitochondria are the main site of energy metabolism, and miRNAs are important factors in regulating gene expression, this experiment attempts to study the effects of different light intensities on energy metabolism from the perspective of mitochondria and miRNAs. The results show that the biomass、mitochondrial structural integrity and energy metabolism in I. indigotica were found to be positively correlated with light intensity. Small RNA and transcriptome sequencing identified 241 miRNAs and 36,372 mRNAs, and degradomic technology identified 72 miRNAs targeting 106 mRNAs, among which 12 pairs of miRNA-mRNAs were annotated on mitochondria. Combined with RT-qPCR validation, it was concluded that miR167a-5p positively regulates LETM1 and affects mitochondrial structure, miR400-5p and mIR169m-p3_1ss15CT negatively regulate GRXS15 and CMC4, respectively, affecting SDH and CCO activities, and miR395a-APS4 may affect the utilization of ATP and sulfate assimilation. In summary, the results of this study complement and enrich knowledge of light effects on mitochondria from the perspective of miRNA, while providing guidance for the cultivation of I. indigotica.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Despite the various mechanisms that involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), neuronal damage and synaptic dysfunction are the key events leading to cognition impairment. Therefore, ...neuroprotection and neurogenesis would provide essential alternatives to the rescue of AD cognitive function. Here we demonstrated that extracellular vesicles secreted from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs-derived EVs, abbreviated as EVs) entered the brain quickly and efficiently following intranasal administration, and majorly accumulated in neurons within the central nervous system (CNS). Proteomics analysis showed that EVs contained multiple proteins possessing neuroprotective and neurogenesis activities, and neuronal RNA sequencing showed genes enrichment in neuroprotection and neurogenesis following the treatment with EVs. As a result, EVs exerted powerful neuroprotective effect on Aβ1–42 oligomer or glutamate-induced neuronal toxicity, effectively ameliorated neurologic damage in the whole brain areas, remarkably increased newborn neurons and powerfully rescued memory deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. EVs also reduced Aβ deposition and decreased microglia activation although in a less extent. Collectively, here we provide direct evidence that ADSCs-derived EVs may potentially serve as an alternative for AD therapy through alleviating neuronal damage and promoting neurogenesis.
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•ADSCs-derived EVs enter the brain quickly and efficiently following intranasal administration.•ADSCs-derived EVs contain multiple proteins possessing neuroprotective and neurogenesis activities.•ADSCs-derived EVs treatment induces upregulation of genes involved in neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth in neurons.•ADSCs-derived EVs ameliorate neuronal damage, promote neurogenesis and rescue memory deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•A series of novel chalcone-rivastigmine hybrids have been designed and synthesized.•Biochemical assessment of cholinesterase enzyme has been carried out.•Some of the designed ...compounds showed promising anticholinesterase activity and low toxicity.•Compound 3 blocked the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SH-SY5Y cells.•Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations studies have been done.
A series of novel chalcone-rivastigmine hybrids were designed, synthesized, and tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Most of the target compounds showed hBChE selective activity in the micro- and submicromolar ranges. The most potent compound 3 exhibited comparable IC50 to the commercially available drug (rivastigmine). To better understand their structure activity relationships (SAR) and mechanisms of enzyme-inhibitor interactions, kinetic and molecular modeling studies including molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out. Furthermore, compound 3 blocks the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SH-SY5Y cells and shows the required druggability and low cytotoxicity, suggesting this hybrid is a promising multifunctional drug candidate for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatment.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Abstract
Pangenomic study might improve the completeness of human reference genome (GRCh38) and promote precision medicine. Here, we use an automated pipeline of human pangenomic analysis to build ...gastric cancer pan-genome for 185 paired deep sequencing data (370 samples), and characterize the gene presence-absence variations (PAVs) at whole genome level. Genes
ACOT1
,
GSTM1, SIGLEC14
and
UGT2B17
are identified as highly absent genes in gastric cancer population. A set of genes from unaligned sequences with GRCh38 are predicted. We successfully locate one of predicted genes
GC0643
on chromosome 9q34.2. Overexpression of
GC0643
significantly inhibits cell growth, cell migration and invasion, cell cycle progression, and induces cell apoptosis in cancer cells. The tumor suppressor functions can be reversed by sh
GC0643
knockdown. The
GC0643
is approved by NCBI database (GenBank: MW194843.1). Collectively, the robust pan-genome strategy provides a deeper understanding of the gene PAVs in the human cancer genome.
The development of Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) inhibitors is a hot spot in the research and development of antitumor drugs, which may induce ...immunomodulatory effects in the tumor microenvironment and participate in anti-tumor immune responses. To date, several SHP2 inhibitors have made remarkable progress and entered clinical trials for the treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors. Multiple compounds derived from natural products have been proved to influence tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and other cellular functions, modulate cell cycle and immune cell activation by regulating the function of SHP2 and its mutants. However, there is a paucity of information about their diversity, biochemistry, and therapeutic potential of targeting SHP2 in tumors. This review will provide the structure, classification, inhibitory activities, experimental models, and antitumor effects of the natural products. Notably, this review summarizes recent advance in the efficacy and pharmacological mechanism of natural products targeting SHP2 in inhibiting the various signaling pathways that regulate different cancers and thus pave the way for further development of anticancer drugs targeting SHP2.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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