Photolysis has enabled the occurrence of numerous discoveries in chemistry, drug discovery and biology. However, there is a dearth of efficient long wavelength light mediated photolysis. Here, we ...report general and efficient long wavelength single photon method for a wide array of photolytic molecules via triplet-triplet annihilation photolysis. This method is versatile and "LEGO"-like. The light partners (the photosensitizers and the photolytic molecules) can be energetically matched to adapt to an extensive range of electromagnetic spectrum wavelengths and the diversified chemical structures of photoremovable protecting groups, photolabile linkages, as well as a broad array of targeted molecules. Compared to the existing photolysis methods, our strategy of triplet-triplet annihilation photolysis not only exhibits superior reaction yields, but also resolves the photodamage problem, regardless of whether they are single photon or multiple photon associated. Furthermore, the biological promise of this "LEGO" system was illustrated via developing ambient air-stable nanoparticles capable of triplet-triplet annihilation photolysis.
Biochar has been developed to activate persulfate for wastewater treatment due to its carbon essence, easily-available and low-cost. Efficiently active sites and interfacial electron transfer are ...highly desired for peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation. In this study, boronic ester structure and defect degree of boron-doped biochar are confirmed as activate sites to improve PDS activation. The performance of pollutants degradation is proven to have structure-activity relationships with both activate sites. Moreover, boron-doped biochar exhibits higher stability and oxidation potential by forming the surface-confined complex, promoting electron transfer from pollutants to complex. The optimized boron-doped biochar has the advantages of adapting to a broad pH range (2.9–10.0), strong resistance to Cl− and organic matters, a low activation energy of 11.22 kJ mol−1, and achieving the decomposition of practical dyeing wastewater. Our work provides a promising approach to regulating the interfacial catalytic sites of biochar by doping heteroatom for PDS activation in practical wastewater treatment.
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•BCO2 and the defects were identified as active sites of B-biochar.•Mechanisms of forming catalysts-PDS complex dominated PDS activation.•Boron improved oxidation potential and stability of catalysts-PDS complex.•B-biochar adapt to broad pH range (2.9–10.0), Cl− and organic matters.•Practical dyeing wastewater was completely decolorized using B-biochar.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Optogenetics has been developed to control the activities and functions of cells with high spatiotemporal resolution, cell‐type specificity, and flexibility. However, current optogenetic tools ...generally rely on visible light (e.g., blue or yellow) with shallow tissue penetration ability that does require invasive fiber‐optic probes to deliver visible light into organs and animal tissues. This often results in a series of side effects, such as tissue damage and unwanted inflammation. Fortunately, the emerging wireless optogenetic tools that can respond to deep‐tissue‐penetrating near‐infrared (NIR) light have attracted increasing attention due to their much‐reduced damage to living organisms. There are mainly two types of NIR‐activatable optogenetic tools: one uses lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles to transduce NIR light to visible light to modulate classical opsin‐expressing neurons; the other type couples with an NIR absorber to convert NIR light to heat to activate thermosensitive proteins. These NIR‐activatable optogenetic tools enable low‐invasive “remote control” activation and inhibition of cellular signaling pathways. This approach has great potential to help create more innovative therapies for diseases like cancer, diabetes, and neuronal disorders in the near future. Therefore, this review article summarizes the recent advances on design strategies and synthetic methods of NIR‐activatable nanomaterials for wireless optogenetic applications.
This review summarizes recent advances in regard to design strategies and synthetic methods for near‐infrared (NIR)‐light activatable optogenetic tools, including lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles with NIR‐to‐visible ability, and NIR absorbers with photothermal effects. These NIR‐activatable tools enable “remote control” activation and the inhibition of cellular signaling pathways for deep‐tissue‐penetrating wireless optogenetics to occur.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a visual‐threatening disease, which cause from the migration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Tricetin, a family of flavonoids, can inhibit the metastasis ...of several cancers. Herein, we aim to evaluate the possible effect of tricetin on inhibiting ARPE‐19 cells migration. The Boyden chamber assay, wound healing assay, RNA sequencing, and Western blot analysis were applied in our experiment. The results revealed that tricetin inhibited the cell migration abilities of ARPE‐19 cells. Moreover, using RNA sequencing technology, we revealed that tricetin repressed bone morphogenetic protein‐6 (BMP‐6) gene expressions in ARPE‐19 cells. Overexpression of BMP‐6 resulted in significant restoration of cell migration capabilities of tricetin‐treated ARPE‐19 cells. Furthermore, tricetin suppressed the phosphorylation of the p38 signaling pathway. Moreover, blocking the p38 pathway also inhibits BMP‐6 expression and migration in the ARPE‐19 cells. In conclusion, this study revealed that tricetin inhibits the ARPE‐19 cell migration mainly via the suppression of BMP‐6 expression and p38 signaling pathway.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
BACKGROUNDCombined hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) is defined as a single nodule showing differentiation into HCC and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and has a poor ...prognosis.AIMTo develop a radiomics nomogram for predicting post-resection survival of patients with cHCC-CCA.METHODSPatients with pathologically diagnosed cHCC-CCA were randomly divided into training and validation sets. Radiomics features were extracted from portal venous phase computed tomography (CT) images using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression and random forest analysis. A nomogram integrating the radiomics score and clinical factors was developed using univariate analysis and multivariate Cox regression. Nomogram performance was assessed in terms of the C-index as well as calibration, decision, and survival curves.RESULTSCT and clinical data of 118 patients were included in the study. The radiomics score, vascular invasion, anatomical resection, total bilirubin level, and satellite lesions were found to be independent predictors of overall survival (OS) and were therefore included in an integrative nomogram. The nomogram was more strongly associated with OS (hazard ratio: 8.155, 95% confidence interval: 4.498-14.785, P < 0.001) than a model based on the radiomics score or only clinical factors. The area under the curve values for 1-year and 3-year OS in the training set were 0.878 and 0.875, respectively. Patients stratified as being at high risk of poor prognosis showed a significantly shorter median OS than those stratified as being at low risk (6.1 vs 81.6 mo, P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONThis nomogram may predict survival of cHCC-CCA patients after hepatectomy and therefore help identify those more likely to benefit from surgery.
The most efficient way to save energy in cellular networks is to switch ON/OFF base stations (BSs) dynamically according to the distribution of user equipment (UE) at real time. When a BS is switched ...ON/OFF, there is a switching energy cost incurred, which is a significant amount and cannot be ignored. By considering this switching cost, we formulate the energy saving problem of BSs in cellular networks as the minimum energy cost problem (MECP). The objective of MECP is to choose the BSs to be active during a period of time and determine the levels of transmission power of the active BSs according to the UEs that are served by the BSs, such that the total energy cost of the BSs is minimized. We propose a scheme to solve the MECP in two steps. In the first step, we aim to minimize the energy cost of all BSs in a time unit independently, without considering the switching ON/OFF BSs across adjacent time units. In the second step, we consider the switching cost of state transitions of BSs by introducing a state transition graph a BS over an entire time period, and transform the MECP into a minimum energy cost flow problem. A minimum cost flow algorithm is developed to solve this problem. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme can achieve significant energy cost reduction of the cellular network, compared with the existing methods.
Federated Learning (FL) has attracted great attention in recent years and is considered as an enabling technology in future smart wireless networks. Nevertheless, this learning paradigm faces a ...severe challenge in its implementation procedure, i.e., energy shortage issue. Different from the traditional centralized training paradigm, the training procedure of FL is carried out on mobile devices. Generally, the training tasks are computation-intensive and may involve several communication rounds for transmitting large-sized machine learning models, which indicates that they are high energy-consuming. This characteristic increases burden on mobile devices with limited battery capacity. In this paper, we employ the Radio Frequency (RF)-based Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology and time switching energy harvesting architecture to realize a sustainable FL framework, and then design a resource optimization strategy based on the dual and line search methods to minimize the amount of Transferred Energy (TE) required for completing the learning. Moreover, we interpret the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions of the formulated problem and obtain some engineering insights. Simulation results verify the convergence of the proposed resource optimization strategy and demonstrate the advantage of the proposed framework over the existing work in terms of TE.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The ideal theranostic nanoplatform for tumors is a single nanoparticle that has a single semiconductor or metal component and contains all multimodel imaging and therapy abilities. The design and ...preparation of such a nanoparticle remains a serious challenge. Here, with FeS2 as a model of a semiconductor, the tuning of vacancy concentrations for obtaining “all‐in‐one” type FeS2 nanoparticles is reported. FeS2 nanoparticles with size of ≈30 nm have decreased photoabsorption intensity from the visible to near‐infrared (NIR) region, due to a low S vacancy concentration. By tuning their shape/size and then enhancing the S vacancy concentration, the photoabsorption intensity of FeS2 nanoparticles with size of ≈350 nm (FeS2‐350) goes up with the increase of the wavelength from 550 to 950 nm, conferring the high NIR photothermal effect for thermal imaging. Furthermore, this nanoparticle has excellent magnetic properties for T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Subsequently, FeS2‐350 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) dispersion is injected into the tumor‐bearing mice. Under the irradiation of 915‐nm laser, the tumor can be ablated and the metastasis lesions in liver suffer significant inhibition. Therefore, FeS2‐350 has great potential to be used as novel “all‐in‐one” multifunctional theranostic nanoagents for MRI and NIR dual‐modal imaging guided NIR‐photothermal ablation therapy (PAT) of tumors.
“All‐in‐one” multifunctional FeS2 nanoparticles with size of ≈350 nm (FeS2‐350) are prepared and their photoabsorption intensity goes up with the increase of the wavelength from 550 to 950 nm. They can be used as a novel theranostics nanoagent for simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and near‐infrared dual‐modal imaging and for photothermal therapy of tumors.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is one of the promising strategies for tumor therapy, but its application is usually hindered by fast clearance in blood-circulation, abnormal tumor microenvironment, and ...inefficient generation of reactive oxygen species. To solve these problems, we proposed an on-demand assembly-disassembly strategy, where the assembly is favorable for longer-blood-circulation and then the disassembly in tumor is favorable for boosting SDT. Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) as the model of organic sonosensitizers were conjugated with hyaluronic acid (HA). Then HA-HMME was mixed with catalase (CAT) and assembled into polymeric nanoparticles (CAT@HA-HMME NPs) with size of ∼80 nm. CAT@HA-HMME NPs exhibit good biocompatibility and a longer blood half-time (t1/2 = 4.17 h) which is obviously longer than that (∼0.82 h) of HMME molecules. After HA receptor-mediated endocytosis of cancer cells, CAT@HA-HMME NPs can be cleaved by endogenous hyaluronidase, resulting in the on-demand disassembly in tumor to release HA-HMME molecules and CAT. The CAT catalyzes the endogenous H2O2 into O2 to relieve the hypoxic microenvironment, and the released HA-HMME exhibits a higher ROS generation ability, greatly boosting SDT for the inhibition of tumor growth. Therefore, the on-demand assembly-disassembly strategy may provide some insight in the design and development of nanoagents for tumor therapy.
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•On-demand assembly from molecules to nanoparticles for longer-blood-circulation.•On-demand disassembly in presence of hyaluronidase (in tumor) for boosting sonodynamic effects.•Efficient damage on cancer cells in-vitro and Significant inhibition of the tumor growth due to the enhanced SDT.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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