Lithium (Li) metal has been considered a promising anode for next‐generation high‐energy‐density batteries. However, the low reversibility and intricate Li loss hinder the widespread implementation ...of Li metal batteries. Herein, we quantitatively differentiate the dynamic evolution of inactive Li, and decipher the fundamental interplay among dynamic Li loss, electrolyte chemistry, and the structure of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The actual dominant form in inactive Li loss is practically determined by the relative growth rates of dead Li0 and SEI Li+ because of the persistent evolution of the Li metal interface during cycling. Distinct inactive Li evolution scenarios are disclosed by ingeniously tuning the inorganic anion‐derived SEI chemistry with a low amount of film‐forming additive. An optimal polymeric film enabler of 1,3‐dioxolane is demonstrated to derive a highly uniform multilayer SEI and decreased SEI Li+/dead Li0 growth rates, thus achieving enhanced Li cycling reversibility.
The fundamental interplay among Li dynamic loss behavior, electrolyte composition, and the structure of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer was quantitatively elucidated. The actual dominant form in inactive Li loss is determined by the relative growth rates of dead Li0 and SEI Li+ as the anode interface undergoes processive evolution during cycling. The mechanistic studies shed fresh light on the interfacial dynamics of the Li‐metal anode.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Rechargeable lithium batteries are one of the most appropriate energy storage systems in our electrified society, as virtually all portable electronic devices and electric vehicles today rely on the ...chemical energy stored in them. However, sub‐zero Celsius operation, especially below −20 °C, remains a huge challenge for lithium batteries and greatly limits their application in extreme environments. Slow Li+ diffusion and charge transfer kinetics have been identified as two main origins of the poor performance of RLBs under low‐temperature conditions, both strongly associated with the liquid electrolyte that governs bulk and interfacial ion transport. In this review, we first analyze the low‐temperature kinetic behavior and failure mechanism of lithium batteries from an electrolyte standpoint. We next trace the history of low‐temperature electrolytes in the past 40 years (1983–2022), followed by a comprehensive summary of the research progress as well as introducing the state‐of‐the‐art characterization and computational methods for revealing their underlying mechanisms. Finally, we provide some perspectives on future research of low‐temperature electrolytes with particular emphasis on mechanism analysis and practical application.
The 40 years development of low‐temperature electrolytes for rechargeable batteries has been reviewed. Critical insights are given from both underlying mechanistic and practical engineering aspects while we traverse the history on the rational design of low‐temperature electrolyte systems.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Control of cell number is crucial in animal development and tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation may result in tumor formation or organ degeneration. The Hippo pathway in both Drosophila and ...mammals regulates cell number by modulating cell proliferation, cell death, and cell differentiation. Recently, numerous upstream components involved in the Hippo pathway have been identified, such as cell polarity, mechanotransduction, and G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Actin cytoskeleton or cellular tension appears to be the master mediator that integrates and transmits upstream signals to the core Hippo signaling cascade. Here, we review regulatory mechanisms of the Hippo pathway and discuss potential implications involved in different physiological and pathological conditions.
Background
Adoptive NK cell infusion is a promising immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. The aim of this study was to test the activity of clinical‐grade membrane‐bound ...IL‐21/4‐1BBL‐expanded NK cell products against AML in vivo.
Methods
Fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were incubated with equal numbers of irradiated membrane‐bound IL‐21/4‐1BBL‐expressing K562 cells for 2–3 weeks to induce clinical‐grade NK cell expansion.
Results
Expansion for 2 and 3 weeks produced ∼4 and 8 × 109 NK cells from 2 × 107 PBMCs. The production of CD107a and TNF‐α in NK cell products in response to AML cell lines and primary blasts was higher than that observed in resting NK cells. The 2‐week expanded NK cell products were xenografted into immunodeficient mice with leukemia and were persistently found in the BM, spleen, liver, lung, and peripheral blood for at least 13 days; furthermore, these expanded products reduced the AML burden in vivo. Compared with matched AML patients with persistent or relapsed minimal residual disease (MRD+) who underwent regular consolidation therapy, MRD+ patients who underwent NK treatment had better overall survival and showed no major adverse events.
Conclusions
Clinical‐grade mbIL‐21/4‐1BBL‐expanded NK cells exhibited antileukemic activity against AML in vitro and in vivo.
Clinical‐grade NK cell products were produced with irradiated membrane‐bound IL‐21/4‐1BBL‐expressing K562 cells. NK cell products showed enhanced expression of activating receptors and chemokine receptors, therefore exhibit cytotoxicity against acute myeloid leukemia cells in vitro, in leukemia mice model as well as in persistent minimal residual disease positive leukemia patients
.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
While several organs in mammals retain partial regen- erative capability following tissue damage, the underly- ing mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, the Hippo signaling pathway, better known for ...its function in organ size control, has been shown to play a pivotal role in regulating tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Upon tissue injury, the activity of YAP, the major effector of the Hippo pathway, is transiently induced, which in turn promotes expansion of tissue-resident progenitors and facilitates tissue regeneration. In this review, with a general focus on the Hippo pathway, we will discuss its major components, functions in stem cell biology, involvement in tissue regeneration in different organs, and potential strategies for developing Hippo pathway- targeted regenerative medicines.
Lithium metal batteries are considered a promising candidate for high‐energy‐density energy storage. However, the strong reducibility and high reactivity of lithium lead to low Coulombic efficiency ...when contacting oxidants, such as lithium polysulfide caused by the serious “shuttle effect” in lithium–sulfur batteries. Herein we design selectively permeable lithium‐ion channels on lithium metal surface, which allow lithium ions to pass through by electrochemical overpotential, while the polysulfides are effectively blocked due to the much larger steric hindrance than lithium ions. The selective permeation of lithium ions through the channels is further elucidated by the molecular simulation and visualization experiment. Consequently, a prolonged cycle life of 75 cycles and high Coulombic efficiency of 99 % are achieved in a practical Li–S pouch cell with limited amounts of lithium and electrolyte, confirming the unique role the selective ion permeation plays in protecting highly reactive alkali metal anodes in working batteries.
Selectively permeable lithium‐ion channels, which were created by aminopropyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxanes anchored on the lithium metal surface, allow lithium ions to get through, while the polysulfides are effectively blocked due to their much larger volume. The selective lithium ion channels enable a prolonged cycle life and a high Coulombic efficiency of 99 % in a practical Li–S pouch cell.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The Motin family proteins (Motins) are a class of scaffolding proteins consisting of Angiomotin (AMOT), AMOT‐like protein 1 (AMOTL1), and AMOT‐like protein 2 (AMOTL2). Motins play a pivotal role in ...angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and neurogenesis by modulating multiple cellular signaling pathways. Recent findings indicate that Motins are components of the Hippo pathway, a signaling cascade involved in development and cancer. This review discusses how Motins are integrated into the Hippo signaling network, as either upstream regulators or downstream effectors, to modulate cell proliferation and migration. The repression of YAP/TAZ by Motins contributes to growth inhibition, whereas subcellular localization of Motins and their interactions with actin fibers are critical in regulating cell migration. The net effect of Motins on cell proliferation and migration may contribute to their diverse biological functions.
Motin family proteins (Motins) comprise Angiomotin (AMOT), AMOT‐like protein 1 (AMOTL1), and AMOTL2. This review discusses the function of Motins, as upstream regulators or downstream effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway, in angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and neurogenesis.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The Permian Tarim large igneous province (TLIP) is located in the Tarim basin, NW China. Although the flood basalt of the TLIP has been intensively studied, other igneous components within TLIP have ...not yet been sufficiently investigated. The Wajilitag igneous complex is outcropped with a rather limited exposure by regional tectonic uplift. However, various igneous rocks, both mafic-ultramafic and syenitic, can be observed as either intrusions or extrusions in this area. It is an ideal location for studying the magmatic evolution of different components within the TLIP. We systematically examine the geological, geochronological, and geochemical characteristics of the Wajilitag complex, to further constrain the petrogenesis of each component and their interrelationships, as well as the implications to the petrogenetic model of TLIP. The igneous rocks in Wajilitag complex can be classified into two series based on their geochemical features: Series A and Series B. Series A are more alkalic, more trace element enriched and more isotopically depleted than Series B. Series A includes nephelinite, aegirine-nepheline syenite (ANS), and syenite porphyry (SP), whereas the Series B consists of clinopyroxenite, gabbro, diorite, hornblende-bearing syenite (HS), and quartz syenite (QSN). Dolerites can either belong to Series A or Series B depend on its geochemistry. Kimberlitic rocks are independent of the Wajilitag complex geologically, geochemically, and geochronogically. The temporal sequences of Wajilitag complex would be clinopyroxenite→gabbro→ diorite/syenite→nephelinite. The dolerite can be emplaced later than the syenite but can extend to an earlier period. In contrast to the Tarim basalts, the Wajilitag complex belongs to the second stage of magmatism in the TLIP. The mantle source for the Tarim basalts, the Series B and Series A gradually changed from SCLM-dominated to plume-dominated component.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
The galactic 511 keV gamma-ray line has been observed since 1970's, and was identified as the result of electron-positron annihilation, but the origin of such positrons is still not clear.
...Apart from the astrophysical explanations, the possibilities that such positrons come from dark matter (DM) annihilation are also widely studied.
Primordial black hole (PBH) is also an extensively studied candidate of DM.
If PBHs exist, the DM particles may be gravitationally bound to the PBHs and form halo around PBHs with density spikes.
DM annihilation in these density spikes can enhance the production rate of positrons from DM particles, but the signal morphology is similar to the decaying DM.
We consider such a mixed model consisting of DM particles and PBHs and obtain the upper limit from the data of 511 keV gamma-ray line from INTEGRAL/SPI on the decaying component of DM particles and the constraint on the PBH abundance.
These constraints are general and independent of particle DM models.
For the mixed model consisting of excited DM and PBHs, the constraints on the PBH abundance can be down to O(10
-17
) for DM particle with mass around 1, which is more stringent than that obtained from the extragalactic gamma-ray background.
Mixed Pb–In perovskite solar cells are fabricated by using lead(II) chloride and indium(III) chloride with methylammonium iodide. A maximum power conversion efficiency as high as 17.55% is achieved ...owing to the high quality of perovskites with multiple ordered crystal orientations.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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