The functions of the Ionotropic Receptor (IR) family have been well studied in Drosophila melanogaster, but only limited information is available in Lepidoptera. Here, we conducted a large-scale ...genome-wide analysis of the IR gene repertoire in 13 moths and 16 butterflies. Combining a homology-based approach and manual efforts, totally 996 IR candidates are identified including 31 pseudogenes and 825 full-length sequences, representing the most current comprehensive annotation in lepidopteran species. The phylogeny, expression and sequence characteristics classify Lepidoptera IRs into three sub-families: antennal IRs (A-IRs), divergent IRs (D-IRs) and Lepidoptera-specific IRs (LS-IRs), which is distinct from the case of Drosophila IRs. In comparison to LS-IRs and D-IRs, A-IRs members share a higher degree of protein identity and are distinguished into 16 orthologous groups in the phylogeny, showing conservation of gene structure. Analysis of selective forces on 27 orthologous groups reveals that these lepidopteran IRs have evolved under strong purifying selection (dN/dS≪1). Most notably, lineage-specific gene duplications that contribute primarily to gene number variations across Lepidoptera not only exist in D-IRs, but are present in the two other sub-families including members of IR41a, 76b, 87a, 100a and 100b. Expression profiling analysis reveals that over 80% (21/26) of Helicoverpa armigera A-IRs are expressed more highly in antennae of adults or larvae than other tissues, consistent with its proposed function in olfaction. However, some are also detected in taste organs like proboscises and legs. These results suggest that some A-IRs in H. armigera likely bear a dual function with their involvement in olfaction and gustation. Results from mating experiments show that two HarmIRs (IR1.2 and IR75d) expression is significantly up-regulated in antennae of mated female moths. However, no expression difference is observed between unmated female and male adults, suggesting an association with female host-searching behaviors. Our current study has greatly extended the IR gene repertoire resource in Lepidoptera, and more importantly, identifies potential IR candidates for olfactory, gustatory and oviposition behaviors in the cotton bollworm.
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•996 IR genes (856 new) were identified from 29 lepidopteran genomes.•Lepidoptera IRs could be distinguished into three sub-families: Divergent IRs, Antennal IRs and Lepidoptera-specific IRs.•Gene structure, gain, loss and phylogeny of Lepidoptera IRs were characterized.•Some H. armigera antennal IRs likely had dual functions of smell and taste.•H. armigera IR1.2 and IR75d were identified as potential IR candidates for oviposition host-searching.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Abstract
It is significant to reduce the wave‐induced vibration and ensure the safety of the offshore structure. This paper deals with the observer‐based sliding mode vibration control problem of ...offshore structures with nonlinear energy sink (NES) mechanisms. By considering the coupled nonlinear characteristics of unmodelled dynamics, system uncertainty, and external wave force, a more general nonlinear system model of the offshore structure equipped with an NES mechanism is presented. Then, an observer‐based sliding mode control scheme for the nonlinear structure‐NES system is developed. The existence condition and the design algorithm of the observer‐based sliding mode controller are provided. Simulation results show that the observer‐based sliding mode controller is capable of reducing the wave‐induced vibration amplitude of offshore structures effectively. Compared with the NES‐based passive control, the observer‐based sliding mode controller can further reduce the response amplitudes of the offshore structure remarkably. In addition, the designed observer‐based sliding mode controller is robust the variations of structure parameters and the external wave loads, thereby presenting potential advantages of the active damping control of the offshore structure.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In the context of global warming and intensified human activities, glacier instability in plateau regions has increased, and glacier debris flows have become active, which poses a significant threat ...to the lives and property of people and socioeconomic development. The mass movement process of glacier debris flows is extremely complex, so this paper uses the 2018 Sedongpu glacier debris flow event on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as an example and applies a numerical simulation method to invert the whole process of mass movement. In view of the interaction between phases in the process of motion, we use the fluid-solid coupling method to describe the mass movement. The granular-flow model and drift-flux model are employed in FLOW3D software to study the mass movement process of glacier debris flows and explore their dynamic characteristics. The results indicate that the glacier debris flow lasted for 700 s, and the movement process was roughly divided into four stages, including initiation, scraping, surging and deposition; the depositional characteristics calculated by the fluid-solid coupling model are consistent with the actual survey results and have good reliability; strong erosion occurs during the mass movement, the clear volume amplification effect, and the first wave climbs 17.8 m across the slope. The fluid-solid coupling method can better simulate glacier debris flows in plateau regions, which is helpful for the study of the mechanism and dynamic characteristics of such disasters.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Water stable Zr-BTDB ultrathin nanosheets incorporated with benzothiadiazole moieties enable efficient aerobic oxidation of a wide range of sulfides to sulfoxides under visible light irradiation in ...water at room temperature.
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•Ultrathin, water stable and photoactive Zr-MOF nanosheets were synthesized.•Zr-MOF nanosheets exhibit superior photocatalytic activity for aerobic oxidation of sulfides.•Singlet oxygen and superoxide radical are reactive oxygen species for the oxidation of sulfides.
Ultrathin metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nanosheets incorporating photochromic units are highly efficient heterogeneous photocatalysts, thanks to their highly exposed catalytic sites, short diffusion pathways, and efficient separation of photo-generated carriers. Herein, we report on the solvothermal synthesis of photoactive benzothiadiazole (BTz) functionalized Zr-MOF nanosheets (Zr-BTDB-NS), which are constructed from Zr12 nodes linked by nine BTDB2− (BTDB = 4,4′-(benzoc1,2,5thiadiazole-4,7-diyl)dibenzoate) ligands. The Zr-BTDB-NS exhibited superior photocatalytic activity towards the aerobic oxidation of a broad range of sulfides to their corresponding sulfoxides under visible light irradiation in water at room temperature, even in a gram-scale. The Zr-BTDB-NS can be efficiently recycled and reused for seven cycles without a decrease in conversion or selectivity. Detailed mechanism studies revealed that the Zr-BTDB-NS generates singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radical (O2–) reactive oxygen species under visible light irradiation, which are responsible for the oxidation of sulfides into their corresponding sulfoxides. The simplicity of the synthetic approach as well as the diversity of photoactive organic units hold great promise for designing ultrathin, water-stable, and photoactive Zr-MOF nanosheets. This work will also be of added value for selective photooxidation of sulfides under green and mild conditions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
An aminomethylation reaction of fulleropyrrolidines bearing ketone moieties in the presence of
N
-unsubstituted fulleropyrrolidines and paraformaldehyde with the aid of
p
-toluenesulfonic acid ...afforded a series of scarce pendant fullerene dimers. A simple change of reaction substrates from ketone to ketone-containing fulleropyrrolidines successfully realized the synthesis of a variety of novel pendant fullerene dimers, including those from methyl ketone-containing fulleropyrrolidines, which were considered to produce the known bridged fullerene dimers. It should be noted that pendant fullerene dimers are usually difficult to prepare by other methods and may have promising applications in perovskite solar cells. Density functional theory (DFT) has been employed to elucidate the regioselectivity of methyl ketone-containing fulleropyrrolidines to yield exclusively pendant fullerene dimers by investigating the Gibbs free energy profile of the reaction starting from methyl ketone-containing fulleropyrrolidines and iminium intermediates.
An aminomethylation reaction of fulleropyrrolidines bearing ketone moieties in the presence of
N
-unsubstituted fulleropyrrolidines and paraformaldehyde with the aid of
p
-toluenesulfonic acid afforded a series of scarce pendant fullerene dimers.
► We built temporal relations of different rocks in Tarim large igneous province. ► First report for spatial distribution of Tarim LIP basalts from spatial section lines. ► Basalts from two ...formations were subdivided from drill hole sections. ► Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb dating yields 284.3
±
2.8
Ma for quartz syenite porphyry. ► Magmatic sequence of TLIP is basalts (285–290
Ma) and intrusive rocks (274–284
Ma).
The temporal relations of different types of rocks in the Tarim large igneous province (TLIP) are studied using stratigraphic correlation, lithologically spatial distribution and isotopic ages. The TLIP covers an area >250,000
km
2 in the western and central part of the Tarim Basin. The lithological units of the TLIP include basalt, diabase, layered intrusive rock, breccia pipe mica-olivine pyroxenite, olivine pyroxenite, gabbro, ultramafic dyke, quartz syenite, quartz syenite porphyry and bimodal dyke. This is the first report for the spatial distribution of the TLIP from the spatial section lines, which shows the stratigraphic correlation among basaltic lava, tuff, interlayered mudstone, siltstone and sandstone and the thicknesses of the basaltic lavas from different field sections and drill holes, and the basalts from the Kupukuziman and Kaipaizileike Formations were subdivided in the drill hole sections. This indicates that the basaltic lavas were widely distributed in the Tarim Basin. Combined with previous study of geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic characterization from the basalts and their genetic link with mantle plume activity, and large diabase swarms developments, the Permian igneous units constitute a Tarim large igneous province. Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb dating firstly yields 284.3
±
2.8
Ma for the quartz syenite porphyry. Recent SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb and
40Ar/
39Ar ages are used to discuss temporal relations of different rock units in the TLIP formed between 290 and 274
Ma, and these data are more reliable than the K–Ar ages of 220–310
Ma reported previously. The sequence of magmatism of the TLIP in the central and western parts of the Tarim Basin are basaltic lava in the Kupukuziman and Kaipaizileike Formations (285–290
Ma), layered mafic–ultramafic rock, mica-olivine pyroxenite breccia pipe, diabase and ultramafic dyke, quartz syenite, quartz syenite porphyry and bimodal dyke (274–284
Ma).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In actual production, deep coal mine roadways are often under typical static-dynamic coupling stress (SDCS) conditions with high ground stress and strong dynamic disturbances. With the increasing ...number of disasters and accidents induced by SDCS conditions, the safe and efficient production of coal mines is seriously threatened. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the deformation and failure characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock under SDCS. In this paper, the effects of different in-situ stress fields and dynamic load conditions on the surrounding rock are studied by numerical simulations, and the deformation and failure characteristics are obtained. According to the simulation results, the horizontal stress, vertical stress and dynamic disturbance have a positive correlation with the plastic failure of the surrounding rock. Among these factors, the influence of the dynamic disturbance is the most substantial. Under the same stress conditions, the extents of deformation and plastic failure of the roof and ribs are always greater than those of the floor. The effect of horizontal stresses on the roadway deformation is more notable than that of vertical stresses. The results indicate that for the roadway under high-stress conditions, the in-situ stress test must be strengthened first. After determining the magnitude of the in-situ stress, the location of the roadway should be reasonably arranged in the design to optimize the mining sequence. For roadways that are strongly disturbed by dynamic loads, rock supports (rebar/cable bolts, steel set etc.) that are capable of maintaining their effectiveness without failure after certain dynamic loads are required. The results of this study contribute to understanding the characteristics of the roadway deformation and failure under SDCS, and can be used to provide a basis for the support design and optimization under similar geological and geotechnical circumstances.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
An efficient method for the synthesis of M2B10H14 (M = Na and K) has been developed. The two possible formation mechanisms of the B10H142− anion are proposed, in which the NH2BH3− anion acts as a ...proton abstractor and a hydride donor. Furthermore, the B10H13− and B10H15− intermediates were detected.
The natural history of intradural spinal cord arteriovenous shunts is unknown. We performed an observational study in a consecutive patient cohort with symptomatic intradural spinal cord ...arteriovenous shunts who were admitted to three institutes to investigate the clinical course of this complex disease, which would provide valuable evidence to inform clinical decision-making. The clinical course of patients with symptomatic intradural spinal cord arteriovenous shunts from initial presentation to occurrence of clinical deterioration, initiation of treatment, or last follow-up was analysed. Patients with at least 1 month of observation were included in this study. Clinical onset and deterioration patterns were divided into acute and gradual. Annual and cumulative rates of clinical deterioration as well as their risk factors were analysed using Kaplan-Meier life table analysis and Cox proportional hazards model. To assess risks and benefits of treatment, post-treatment clinical courses were further assessed. Four hundred and sixty-six patients with a mean observational period of 36.9 ± 58.8 months were included; 56.7% of patients presented with acute onset, of whom 77.3% experienced spontaneous recovery. Age of onset older than 28 years, initial modified Aminoff and Logue scale of >3, mid-thoracic lesions and non-ventral lesions were independent predictors of failure for spontaneous recovery. The annual risk of general, acute and gradual clinical deterioration after onset was 30.7%, 9.9% and 17.7%, respectively. Risk of deterioration was highest in the early period after initial onset. Acute onset was the only independent risk factor hazard ratio 1.957 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.324-2.894); P = 0.0008 of acute deterioration and gradual onset was the strongest predictor hazard ratio 2.350 (95% CI 1.711-3.229); P < 0.0001 of the gradual deterioration among all the stratifying factors. After invasive treatment, complete obliteration was achieved in 37.9% of patients (138 of 364) and improved or stable clinical status was noted in 80.8% of patients. Forty-two patients (11.5%) experienced permanent complications. Overall post-treatment deterioration rate was 8.4%/year, and 5.3%/year if permanent complications were excluded. The natural history of symptomatic spinal cord arteriovenous shunts is poor, especially in the early period after onset, and early intervention is thus recommended. Initial onset pattern significantly affects the natural history of the lesion, which prompts a differentiated treatment strategy.
In this retrospective study conducted at Sichuan Jinxin Xinan Women and Children's Hospital spanning January 2015 to December 2021, our objective was to investigate the impact of embryo ...cryopreservation duration on outcomes in frozen embryo transfer. Participants, totaling 47,006 cycles, were classified into 3 groups based on cryopreservation duration: ≤1 year (Group 1), 1 to 6 years (Group 2), and ≥6 years (Group 3). Employing various statistical analyses, including 1-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-square test, and a generalized estimating equation model, we rigorously adjusted for confounding factors. Primary outcomes encompassed clinical pregnancy rate and Live Birth Rate (LBR), while secondary outcomes included biochemical pregnancy rate, multiple pregnancy rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, early and late miscarriage rates, preterm birth rate, neonatal birth weight, weeks at birth, and newborn sex. Patient distribution across cryopreservation duration groups was as follows: Group 1 (40,461 cycles), Group 2 (6337 cycles), and Group 3 (208 cycles). Postcontrolling for confounding factors, Group 1 exhibited a decreased likelihood of achieving biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and LBR (OR < 1, aOR < 1, P < .05). Furthermore, an elevated incidence of ectopic pregnancy was observed (OR > 1, aOR > 1), notably significant after 6 years of freezing time aOR = 4.141, 95% confidence intervals (1.013-16.921), P = .05. Cryopreservation exceeding 1 year was associated with an increased risk of early miscarriage and preterm birth (OR > 1, aOR > 1). No statistically significant differences were observed in birth weight or sex between groups. However, male infant birth rates were consistently higher than those of female infants across all groups. In conclusion, favorable pregnancy outcomes align with embryo cryopreservation durations within 1 year, while freezing for more than 1 year may diminish clinical pregnancy and LBRs, concurrently elevating the risk of ectopic pregnancy and preterm birth.
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