Much work has been carried out in recent years on the beneficial effect of phenolic compounds which act as natural antioxidants and help to neutralize free radicals. We analysed the antioxidant ...activity of the rutin (quercetin-3-rhamnosyl glucoside) using different assays including: total antioxidant activity and reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and lipid peroxidation assay which uses egg yolk as the lipid-rich source. Total antioxidant capacity was determined by the assay based on the decrease in absorbance of
β-carotene by the sample. Rutin exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity. At the concentration of 0.05
mg/ml, ascorbic acid (Vc), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and rutin showed 92.8%, 58.8%, and 90.4% inhibition, respectively. In addition, rutin had effective inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as BHT and Vc.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The senescence of fruit is a complex physiological process, with various cell types within the pericarp, making it highly challenging to elucidate their individual roles in fruit senescence. In this ...study, a single-cell expression atlas of the pericarp of pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) is constructed, revealing exocarp and mesocarp cells undergoing the most significant changes during the fruit senescence process. Pseudotime analysis establishes cellular differentiation and gene expression trajectories during senescence. Early-stage oxidative stress imbalance is followed by the activation of resistance in exocarp cells, subsequently senescence-associated proteins accumulate in the mesocarp cells at late-stage senescence. The central role of the early response factor HuCMB1 is unveiled in the senescence regulatory network. This study provides a spatiotemporal perspective for a deeper understanding of the dynamic senescence process in plants.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to improve the resistance of host plants against various heavy metal stresses. However, the arsenic (As) resistance mechanism of AMF-inoculated woody ...legumes remains unclear. In this study, black locust (
Robinia pseudoacacia
L.) seedlings were cultivated in potted soils inoculated with or without AMF
Rhizoglomus intraradices
under three different levels of As stress (0, 100, and 200 mg As kg
–1
soil) over 4 months. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of AMF on plant growth, root morphology, and the content and ratio of endogenous phytohormones and soil glomalin under As stress condition. As stress toxicity suppressed the AM spore germination and colonization, plant growth, and the content of soil glomalin and changed the morphological characteristics of the roots and the balance of endogenous hormone levels in plants. However,
R. intraradices
inoculation improved the shoot and root dry weights, total root length, root surface area, root volume, and the number of root forks and tips across all As treatments.
R. intraradices
inoculation obviously decreased the percentage of root length in the 0- to 0.2-mm diameter class and increased those in the 0.5- to 1.0-mm and >1.0-mm diameter classes; the percentages in the 0.2- to 0.5-mm diameter class were less affected by
R. intraradice
s inoculation. The concentrations of the easily extractable glomalin-related (EE-GRSP) and total glomalin-related soil protein (T-GRSP) were higher in the of
R. intraradices
-inoculated seedlings than those in the non-inoculated seedlings. Furthermore,
R. intraradices
inoculation increased the concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), but decreased the concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA) and zeatin riboside (ZR). The phytohormone ratios of IAA/ABA, GA/ABA, ZR/ABA, and (IAA + GA + ZR)/IAA in the
R. intraradices
-inoculated seedlings were lower than those in the non-inoculated seedlings. These results indicated that
R. intraradices
alleviated As toxicity in
R. pseudoacacia
seedlings by improving their plant growth, altering root morphology, regulating the concentrations and ratios of phytohormones, and increasing the concentration of soil glomalin. The results suggested that AMF-inoculated
R. pseudoacacia
seedlings would be a critical factor in successful vegetation restoration and soil development in As-contaminated soils.
Natamycin is widely used in food, medical and health, agriculture, and animal husbandry. In this study,
Streptomyces natalensis
HW-2 was used as the research object, and a mutant DES-26 with stable ...genetic characters was selected by UV-ARTP-DES compound mutation. The natamycin yield was 1.64 g/L, 86.36% higher than original strain. Differential expression genes were analyzed by transcriptomics, and results showed that 295 and 860 genes were significantly differentially expressed at fermentation for 48 h and 72 h. GO and KEGG analysis showed that compound mutagenesis had a significant impact on glycolysis, pentose phosphate, TCA cycle, fatty acid metabolism pathways, and several key enzyme genes in the pathways were up-regulated, and genes related to natamycin biosynthesis (
pimB
-
pimI
) and transcriptional regulator (
pimR
) were also up-regulated. qRT-PCR results confirmed that expression levels of these genes were consistent with transcriptional changes of RNA-Seq.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Background
Gastric cancer (GC) is a heterogeneous malignancy with variable clinical outcomes. The immune system has been implicated in GC development and progression, highlighting the importance of ...immune-related gene expression patterns and their prognostic significance.
Objective
This study aimed to identify differentially expressed immune-related genes (DEIRGs) and establish a prognostic index for GC patients using comprehensive bioinformatic analyses.
Methods
We integrated RNA sequencing data from multiple databases and identified DEIRGs by overlapping differentially expressed genes with immune-related genes. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to uncover the biological processes and signaling pathways associated with DEIRGs. We conducted a Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify key gene modules related to with GC. Cox regression analysis was conducted to determine independent prognostic DEIRGs for overall survival prediction. Based on these findings, we developed an immune-related gene prognostic index (IRGPI) based on these findings. The prognostic value of the IRGPI was validated using survival analysis and an independent validation cohort. Functional enrichment analysis, gene mutation analysis, and immune cell profiling were performed to gain insights into the biological functions and immune characteristics associated with the IRGPI-based subgroups.
Results
We identified 493 DEIRGs significantly enriched in immune-related biological processes and signaling pathways associated with GC. WGCNA analysis revealed a significant module (turquoise module) associated with GC, revealing potential therapeutic targets. Cox regression analysis identified RNASE2, CGB5, CTLA4, and DUSP1 as independent prognostic DEIRGs. The IRGPI, incorporating the expression levels of these genes, demonstrated significant prognostic value in predicting overall survival. The IRGPI-based subgroups exhibited distinct biological functions, genetic alterations, and immune cell compositions.
Conclusion
Our study identified DEIRGs and established a prognostic index (IRGPI) for GC patients. The IRGPI exhibited promising prognostic potential and provided insights into GC tumor biology and immune characteristics. These findings have implications for guiding therapeutic strategies.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are capable of protecting host plants against heavy metal toxicity, whereas rare knowledge has been acquired on the underlying effects of AMF on woody leguminous ...species under arsenic (As) stress. This study was aimed that whether AMF inoculation improves the As tolerance in Sophora viciifolia (a king of leguminous shrub). S. viciifolia seedlings were inoculated with AMF Rhizophagus intraradices, and then the seedlings were grown at three levels (0, 50, and 100 mg As kg.sup.-1 soil) of As-polluted soil by performing the potted experiments. The plant growth, photosynthetic parameter, oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression of phytochelatin synthase in R. intraradices- and non-inoculated S. davidii seedlings under the different levels of As stress were analyzed. Compared with non-inoculated S. viciifolia at the identical As level, R. intraradices-inoculated S. viciifolia were higher in the shoot and root dry weight, plant height, root length, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII photochemistry, actual quantum yield, and photochemical quenching values, while the intercellular CO.sub.2 concentration and non-photochemical quenching values were lower. As-induced oxidative stress generating malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in the S. viciifolia leaves and roots reduced significantly by R. intraradices inoculation, whereas the activities of antioxidative enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) in S. viciifolia leaves and roots were increased by R. intraradices inoculation. Notably, R. intraradices inoculation up-regulated the gene expression of S. viciifolia phytochelatins in the leaves and roots. These results demonstrated that R. intraradices inoculation enhanced the As tolerance in S. viciifolia seedlings by improving the plant growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes and gene expression of S. viciifolia phytochelatins. The present study verified a multifarious positive role of AMF for woody leguminous species under As stress.
BackgroundNatural killer (NK) cells and T cells are important therapeutic populations that can target and eliminate cancer cells. Although human NK/T cell populations can be reconstituted in ...immunodeficient mice to test novel NK and/or T cell modulators, the time window for experimentation is often limited due to GvHD (graft-versus-host disease) complications. Moreover, human NK cell development and maturation is limited in such models due to the lack of human IL15. Previously, we disrupted the murine B2m allele in immunodeficient (B-NDG) mice and fused the FcRn coding region to the modified allele to ensure normal IgG metabolism, thereby generating B-NDG B2m KO mice plus. Here, we generated B-NDG B2m KO mice plus expressing human IL15 for improved NK cell engraftment and survival following human PBMC reconstitution.MethodsWe introduced the human IL15 coding sequence into the murine IL15 locus, and crossed the mice with B-NDG B2m KO mice plus to generate B-NDG B2m plus/hIL15 mice. Expression of B2m and IL15 protein in B-NDG B2m plus/hIL15 mice was evaluated using flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. To assess human T cell and NK cell reconstitution, B-NDG B2m plus/hIL15 mice and B-NDG mice were engrafted with human PBMCs. To examine the engraftment capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), B-NDG B2m plus/hIL15 or B-NDG hIL15 neonates were injected with human CD34+ cells (3E4) from mixed donors via the facial vein. Blood from engrafted mice was sampled for flow cytometric analysis. Survival and weight were recorded to monitor GvHD and incidence of other health-related effects.ResultsELISA confirmed expression of human IL15, but not murine IL15 in B-NDG B2m plus/hIL15 mice. PBMC engraftment did not induce GvHD in B-NDG B2m plus/hIL15 mice over the 4 week study, while the survival rate of B-NDG mice was 20% after 2 weeks. Importantly, human T and NK cells were successfully reconstituted after PBMC engraftment. In newborn mice engrafted with CD34+ HSCs, higher levels of NK and myeloid cell reconstitution were observed in B-NDG B2m plus/hIL15 mice compared to B-NDG hIL15 mice. While all engrafted B-NDG hIL15 mice survived to 20 weeks, survival of B-NDG B2m KO/hIL15 mice dropped to 80% past week 12, and below 70% past week 18.ConclusionsWe established an immunodeficient humanized IL15 model that lacks B2m to reduce GvHD incidence upon PBMC engraftment. B-NDG B2m plus/hIL15 mice provide an ample therapeutic window for testing novel NK cell or T cell modulators in vivo.Ethics ApprovalAll animal studies were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Biocytogen Beijing Co., Ltd.
To extend the shelf life of oyster mushroom (
), the effects of chitosan (CS) and hyperbranched poly-L-lysine (HBPL) combined treatment on quality characteristics, nutritional quality, storage ...characteristics, and enzyme activity of oyster mushroom during postharvest storage at 4 °C were investigated. The results showed that CS-HBPL combined treatment could significantly reduce rot degree and weight loss and significantly inhibit the browning of oyster mushroom. At the same time, the loss of reducing sugar, vitamin C, soluble protein, and total phenolic was significantly reduced. Compared with the control, CS-HBPL combined treatment could also significantly inhibit an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly decrease the relative electrolyte leakage of oyster mushroom. In addition, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalnine ammonialyase (PAL), and peroxidase (POD) were significantly improved, and the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was significantly inhibited in oyster mushroom. In conclusion, CS-HBPL combined treatment had a good protective effect on the membrane permeability damage of oyster mushroom and could effectively delay the oxidation of phenolic substances and browning of oyster mushroom. Therefore, CS-HBPL combined treatment can be used as a potential strategy to extend the storage time of oyster mushroom.
To enhance the storage time of cucumbers, this research investigated the impact of chitosan (CS) and hyperbranched poly-L-lysine (HBPL) on the quality and nutritional attributes of cucumbers when ...stored at a temperature of 25 °C. The results demonstrated that sensory evaluation scores for cucumbers treated with a CS-HBPL combination were significantly higher than the control (CK), CS, and HBPL groups. On the 18th day of storage, cucumbers in the CK group exhibited significant decay and softening; however, there was a decrease in hardness observed in the CS-HBPL group and no decay or noticeable sour taste was detected. Furthermore, compared to the CK group, treatment with CS-HBPL effectively delayed cucumber decay and weight loss rate while significantly inhibiting decreases in cucumber hardness and growth of surface microorganisms. Additionally, it substantially reduced losses of soluble protein content as well as vitamin C (Vc), reducing sugars, and total phenolic compounds within cucumbers, which were 4.7 mg/g, 4.7 mg/g, 0.94 mg/g, and 0.52 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, compared to the CK group, combined treatment with CS-HBPL significantly inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and reducing relative electrolyte permeability within cucumbers, which were 1.45 μmol·g
FW and 29.82%. Furthermore, it notably enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), while exerting a significant inhibitory effect on polyphenol oxidase (PPO). In summary, the combined CS-HBPL treatment successfully prolonged cucumber shelf life at room temperature, enabling new possibilities for extending cucumber shelf life.
•A methodology is proposed for analyzing the uncertainty of TRP in battery systems.•A high-precision surrogate model is established.•Six factors affecting thermal runaway propagation are ...analyzed.•The uncertainty is quantified under randomly varying coupling of key factors.•The battery system with 45% state of charge has the highest TRP uncertainty.
To some extent, the thermal runaway issue pertaining to lithium-ion battery still present challenging problems, to put the safety-related issue under control in high-power and high-energy applications. One of these challenging issues relates to the underpinning stochastic uncertainties associated with thermal runaway propagation. Therefore, this study proposes a methodology to evaluate the uncertainty of thermal runaway propagation in Li-ion battery modules. Firstly, a numerical thermal runaway propagation model is developed for phase change material-based thermal management system and verified by experiments. Subsequently, the Adaptive Kriging High-dimensional model representation method is employed to construct a surrogate model, followed by global sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of six different influencing factors on thermal runaway propagation. Finally, the random fluctuation of the critical factors affecting thermal runaway propagation is integrated to analyze and quantify the uncertainty. The results show that the state of charge, the thermal conductivity of phase change material, and inter-cell spacing are critical factors affecting thermal runaway propagation. With the system parameters proposed in this paper, the critical state of charge range that significantly impacts the uncertainty of thermal runaway propagation is approximately 40% to 55%. The analysis of the propagation results and the cell temperature indicates that the highest level of uncertainty occurs at around 45% state of charge. In this case, the thermal runaway propagation is significantly impacted by changes in key factors, and the battery temperature exhibits high fluctuation levels. Furthermore, although there is a 59% likelihood of no propagation, the potential damage to all batteries becomes exceedingly significant once thermal runaway propagation occurs. The method proposed in this study effectively evaluates the uncertainty of thermal runaway propagation in battery systems. It identifies the causes of the uncertainty, which can be used to implement effective suppression measures to enhance safety.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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