In recent years, polymeric/polymerized ionic liquids or poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) were found to take an enabling role in some fields of polymer chemistry and material science. PILs combine the ...unique properties of ionic liquids with the flexibility and properties of macromolecular architectures and provide novel properties and functions that are of huge potential in a multitude of applications, including solid ionic conductor, powerful dispersant and stabilizer, absorbent, precursor for carbon materials, porous polymers, etc. So far, the preparation of PILs with various forms in cations and anions has mostly focused on the conventional free radical polymerization of IL monomers. Recent progress in the preparation of PILs via controlled/“living” radical polymerizations points out an unprecedented opportunity to precisely design and control macromolecular architecture of IL species on a meso-/nanoscale within a polymer matrix. There are also newly emerging polymerization techniques that have appeared for the preparation of PILs which have further pushed the limit of the design of PILs. In this review, we try to summarize the current preparative strategies of PILs, providing a systematic and actual view on the polymer chemistry behind. A discussion of the properties and applications of PILs constitutes the second part of this review.
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Poly(ionic liquid)s: An update Yuan, Jiayin; Mecerreyes, David; Antonietti, Markus
Progress in polymer science,
07/2013, Volume:
38, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This review presents a literature survey of recent work on poly(ionic liquid)s or polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), a class of polyelectrolytes that has attracted rapidly increasing interest over the ...past few years. The review begins with a short explanation of the interconnection as well as the intrinsic differences between PILs and ionic liquids. Recently reported PIL homopolymers with new chemical structures and synthetic trends are introduced as a complement to the overall PIL synthesis schemes reported previously. In addition, block copolymers and colloidal particles of PILs are described, followed by a discussion of the limitations of PILs due to structural instability under certain conditions and the efforts to understand PIL physics. Examples of recent applications of PILs across a multitude of fields, such as thermoresponsive materials, carbon materials, catalysis, porous polymers, separation and absorption materials, and energy harvesting/generation as well as several biological applications are described in detail.
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The past decade has witnessed rapid advances in porous polyelectrolytes and there is tremendous interest in their synthesis as well as their applications in environmental, energy, biomedicine, and ...catalysis technologies. Research on porous polyelectrolytes is motivated by the flexible choice of functional organic groups and processing technologies as well as the synergy of the charge and pores spanning length scales from individual polyelectrolyte backbones to their nano‐/micro‐superstructures. This Review surveys recent progress in porous polyelectrolytes including membranes, particles, scaffolds, and high surface area powders/resins as well as their derivatives. The focus is the interplay between surface chemistry, Columbic interaction, and pore confinement that defines new chemistry and physics in such materials for applications in energy conversion, molecular separation, water purification, sensing/actuation, catalysis, tissue engineering, and nanomedicine.
Polymers with pores: Porous polyelectrolytes are increasingly being used for environmental, energy, biomedical, and catalysis applications. This Review focuses on how the synergy of pores and charge brings about new functionalities and opportunities.
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Ionic liquids (ILs) are a special category of molten salts solely composed of ions with varied molecular symmetry and charge delocalization. The versatility in combining varied cation–anion moieties ...and in functionalizing ions with different atoms and molecular groups contributes to their peculiar interactions ranging from weak isotropic associations to strong, specific, and anisotropic forces. A delicate interplay among intra- and intermolecular interactions facilitates the formation of heterogeneous microstructures and liquid morphologies, which further contributes to their striking dynamical properties. Microstructural and dynamical heterogeneities of ILs lead to their multifaceted properties described by an inherent designer feature, which makes ILs important candidates for novel solvents, electrolytes, and functional materials in academia and industrial applications. Due to a massive number of combinations of ion pairs with ion species having distinct molecular structures and IL mixtures containing varied molecular solvents, a comprehensive understanding of their hierarchical structural and dynamical quantities is of great significance for a rational selection of ILs with appropriate properties and thereafter advancing their macroscopic functionalities in applications. In this review, we comprehensively trace recent advances in understanding delicate interplay of strong and weak interactions that underpin their complex phase behaviors with a particular emphasis on understanding heterogeneous microstructures and dynamics of ILs in bulk liquids, in mixtures with cosolvents, and in interfacial regions.
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In this contribution, we report the facile preparation of vinylimidazolium-typed poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) latexes and nanoparticles via dispersion polymerization of ionic liquid monomers in aqueous ...solutions. A homologous series of vinylimidazolium-typed ionic liquid monomers with different alkyl tail length (C8−C18) were synthesized via quaternization of 1-vinylimidazole with corresponding n-alkyl bromides. Dispersion polymerization of these monomers was conducted at a monomer concentration of 50 g/L in aqueous solution at 70 °C without addition of further stabilizers. For ionic liquid monomers with sufficiently long alkyl chains (≥C12), PILs nanoparticles of 20−40 nm in diameter were found, which were self-stabilizing in aqueous media. In the same procedure, preparation of cross-linked PIL nanoparticles was performed in the presence of 10 mol % of divinylimidazolium-based cross-linker. The as-synthesized cross-linked PIL nanoparticles could be transferred into organic solvents, such as polar DMF, and nonpolar toluene after anion exchange with lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. This dispersion polymerization requires no dispersing agent and potentially enables a large scale synthesis of PIL nanoparticles in both aqueous and organic solutions. The application spectrum of this unique type of organic nanoparticles is expectedly broad; e.g., the particles are useful as powerful binders and dispersants for coatings and as colloidal templates.
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6.
Poly(ionic liquid) composites Zhang, Su-Yun; Zhuang, Qiang; Zhang, Miao ...
Chemical Society reviews,
03/2020, Volume:
49, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), as an innovative class of polyelectrolytes, are composed of polymeric backbones with IL species in each repeating unit. The combined merits of the polymers and ILs make ...them promising materials for composites in materials science. Particularly, the integration of PILs with functional substances (PIL composites) opens up a new dimension in utilizing ionic polymers by offering novel properties and improved functions, which impacts multiple subfields of our chemical society. This review summarizes recent developments of PIL composites with a special emphasis on the preparation techniques that are based on the intrinsic properties of the PILs and the synergistic effects between the PILs and substances of interest for diverse applications.
This review highlights recent advances in the development of poly(ionic liquid)-based composites for diverse materials applications.
Ionic liquid (IL)-based polyelectrolytes (PILs), referred to as polymeric ILs, polymerised ILs, or poly(IL)s are a new subclass of polymer materials. They are distinct from conventional ...polyelectrolytes due to their unique physico-chemical properties originated from a dense packing of ILs in the macromolecular architecture. Mixtures of PILs and solvents, in particular, water have attracted a great deal of interest especially in terms of their compatibilities depending on temperature, namely, thermoresponsiveness of PIL/solvent mixtures. Apart from static compatibility, such as the compatibility of PILs with solvents, which do not change largely by a temperature change, there are mainly two types of dynamic phase changes, an upper critical solution temperature (UCST)- and a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type phase behaviour. Some PILs dissolved in solvents homogenise upon heating; this behaviour is classified as UCST behaviour. On the other hand, only in the last two years have PIL/water mixtures with LCST been discovered. This article summarises rapidly growing studies on the design of thermoresponsive PIL systems with water or organic solvents. The hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance of the starting IL monomers features the phase behaviour of the resulting polyelectrolytes, and some IL monomers that show thermoresponsive phase behaviour in solvents were found to maintain their thermoresponsiveness even after the polymerisation. Based on their unique combination of properties derived from an ionic and thermoresponsive nature, these thermoresponsive PILs will attract considerable interest, and their wide applications are expected in the fields of separation, sensing and desalination.
In this review we summarise recent progress on the design, properties, and potential applications of ionic liquid-derived polyelectrolytes showing thermoresponsive phase behaviour after mixing with water or other organic solvents.
In this contribution a template-free preparation of mesoporous graphitic carbon nanostructures with high electric conductivity is presented, using ionic liquid monomers or poly(ionic liquid) polymers ...as carbon precursors. The carbonization was performed in the presence of FeCl2 at temperatures between 900 and 1000 °C. It was found that FeCl2 plays a key role in controlling both the chemical structure and the texture morphology of the graphitization process. A detailed investigation on the carbonization process demonstrated that 900 °C is a threshold temperature where a synergistic formation process enables the development of the superior physical properties, such as large surface area and low resistance. The as-synthesized carbon products are graphitic, mesoporous, and highly conductive, as proven by XRD and TEM characterizations and conductivity measurements. Via an acid etching process, iron and iron carbide nanoparticles, the remainder of the primary catalyst, can be removed, leaving pure mesoporous carbon nanomaterials with a comparably well developed graphitic structure. Without demand for any template, this method is facile and easy to scale up and might contribute to the wide range of applications of carbon nanostructures.
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In recent years a subclass of polyelectrolytes named poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) have attracted intensive interest in the field of polymer and materials science due to some of their unusual physical ...properties, compared to traditional polyelectrolytes. They are characterized as multifunctional polyelectrolytes in a wide application spectrum, such as solid ion conductor, separation, sorption, catalysis, membrane, and many more. PIL colloidal particles, including nanoparticles, nanogels, micelles, and core–shell nanocomposite particles, are an important part of the PIL research. Herein, the chemical structure, preparation method and application examples of the colloidal PIL systems are summarized along with an intensive discussion of their advantages and limitations in some specific cases. Micelles formed from PIL homopolymer and copolymer in selective conditions are given a detailed description. At the end, the employment of PIL polymers to stabilize carbon materials to form a colloid dispersion of carbon nanostructures has been particularly emphasized.
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•This article reviews the chemical structure, preparation method and application examples of the PIL colloidal particles.•Different forms of PIL colloids like spherical micro-/nanoparticles, micro/nanogels, vesicles, and nanoworms are described.•Various types of particle-forming PIL homo-/copolymers exhibiting a LCST-like character are presented.•PIL colloidal particles can serve as a stabilizer and a source of carbon materials.
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Herein we introduce a straightforward, low cost, scalable, and technologically relevant method to manufacture an all‐carbon, electroactive, nitrogen‐doped nanoporous‐carbon/carbon‐nanotube composite ...membrane, dubbed “HNCM/CNT”. The membrane is demonstrated to function as a binder‐free, high‐performance gas diffusion electrode for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formate. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) for the production of formate is 81 %. Furthermore, the robust structural and electrochemical properties of the membrane endow it with excellent long‐term stability.
Carbon in carbon: A versatile and straightforward method was introduced to fabricate N‐doped hierarchical‐carbon/carbon‐nanotube membrane, which can be directly utilized as a highly active, selective, and stable diffusion electrode for CO2 reduction to formate in aqueous media.
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