Hydrogels are made tough to resist crack propagation. However, for seamless integration into devices and machines, it necessitates robustness against cyclic loads. Central to this objective is ...enhancing fatigue resistance, an indispensable attribute facilitating the optimal performance of hydrogels within a multitude of biological contexts, spanning various plant and animal tissues, as well as diverse biomedical and engineering areas. In this review, recent research concerning the fatigue behavior of hydrogels, presenting a comprehensive consolidation of the inherent mechanisms that underpin diverse strategies aimed at fortifying fatigue resistance, is summarized. A critical facet in the architectural blueprint of fatigue‐resistant hydrogels is emphasized, involving the imposition of spatial constraints upon the main chains at the crack tips, thereby effectuating a protracted delay in their fracture initiation during prolonged cyclic loading. The integration of multiscale mechanisms encompassing networks, interactions, media, and structures stands as a pivotal factor in the design of fatigue‐resistant hydrogels. It is hoped that the review will considerably propel the pragmatic deployment of fatigue‐resistant hydrogels across a diverse array of applications, thus catalyzing advancements in multiple fields.
To address the escalating demands for fatigue resistance in hydrogels, particularly in emerging applications such as biomedical and engineering fields, a comprehensive summary of cutting‐edge strategies for designing fatigue‐resistant hydrogels is presented. Additionally, a general principle for the design of fatigue‐resistant hydrogels to cater to these evolving requirements is provided.
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Driving style is an important factor in driving psychology, which is useful for effectively evaluating driving behaviors. Exploring driving style in a Chinese sample could help understand the overall ...situation of Chinese drivers. This study aims to develop a measurement of driving style fit for the Chinese situation and to validate the validity and reliability of this scale. In this study, 296 drivers from China completed the Chinese version of the multidimensional driving style inventory (MDSI), the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) as well as several questions about socio-demographic information. After testing the assumed structure by a confirmatory factor analysis, and adjusting the structure, a brief version of Chinese version of MDSI with twelve items categorized into four driving styles, namely, risky style, angry- high-velocity style, careful style and anxious style was revised. The validity and reliability of the scales were acceptable. The results showed that driving styles were closely correlated with self-reported driving behaviors. Specifically, risky style, angry- high-velocity style, and anxious style are all positively associated with dangerous driving behaviors. Meanwhile, careful style was positively associated with positive driving behaviors and negatively correlated with dangerous driving behaviors. Anxious was also found to be negatively associated with fines. For personality, we found a positive relationship between risky, angry- high-velocity, careful and anxious styles and the personality traits that often have negative effects on driving, such as extraversion and neuroticism. Meanwhile, these three styles were negatively correlated with conscientiousness and agreeableness in general. In addition, careful style was positively correlated with conscientiousness and agreeableness. The current study shows convincing evidence for the validity and reliability of the brief MDSI-C and develops a useful tool for identify the driving style of Chinese drivers for future research and relevant departments of road safety.
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The development of phosphorescent materials with time‐dependent phosphorescence colors (TDPCs) is of considerable interest for application in advanced dynamic information encryption. In this study, ...TDPC is realized in carbon dots (CDs) synthesized by the one‐pot hydrothermal treatment of levofloxacin. CD ink printed on paper (CD@paper) exhibits a change in phosphorescence color from orange to green, 1 s after irradiation with 395 nm light. However, when irradiated with wavelengths shorter or longer than 395 nm, the CD@paper exhibits only green or red phosphorescence, respectively. The red and green phosphorescence originates from the low‐energy surface oxide triplet state and high‐energy N‐related triplet state, respectively. When irradiated with a suitable light energy (around 395 nm wavelength), the two phosphorescent centers can be simultaneously activated, emitting red and green phosphorescence with different decay rates. The red and green phosphorescence merge into an orange phosphorescence initially, exhibiting the TDPC phenomenon. Based on the unusual phosphorescent properties of the CDs, a kind of multilevel, dynamic phosphorescence colored 3D code is designed for advanced dynamic information encryption.
Time‐dependent phosphorescence color (TDPC) change from orange to green is realized in carbon dots (CDs) for advanced dynamic information encryption. The TDPC arises from the dual phosphorescence centers of the CDs having different decay rates, which can be simultaneously activated by irradiating with a suitable light energy (around 395 nm).
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Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are important prognostic factors and have been proved to be associated with the invasion and migration of various cancer. However, the relationship between TAMs ...and breast cancer outcomes remains unclear.
Sixteen studies with a total of 4,541 breast cancer patients were included in this meta-analysis. Correlation of TAMs with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival(DFS), relapse-free survival (RFS), breast cancer special survival (BCSS) and clinicopathological features were analyzed. Survival data and clinicopathological value were integrated by analyzing hazard ratio(HR) and odds ratio(OR) separately and using Fixed-effect or Random-effect model according to heterogeneity. All statistical tests were two-sided.
OS and DFS were correlated with high density of TAMs with HR= 1.504(1.200, 1.884)/ 2.228(1.716, 2.892) respectively. And subgroup analysis of location and biomarker in OS and DFS group showed prognosis was associated with TAMs distribution and biomarker selection. Besides, TAMs high infiltration was significantly related to age, size, histologic grade, ER/PR status, basal phenotype and vascular invasion.
High density of TAMs was associated with poor survival rates of breast cancer. TAMs in stroma are associated with worse outcome than that in nest and using CD68 as a biomarker for TAMs to evaluate the risk is better than CD163 or CD206 alone. Moreover, high infiltration of TAMs was significantly associated with negative hormone receptor status and malignant phenotype. TAMs infiltration can serve as a novel prognostic factor in breast cancer patients.
Diffuse lower-grade gliomas (LGG) represent the highly heterogeneous and infiltrative neoplasms in the central nervous system (CNS). Replication factor C 2 (RFC2) is a subunit of the RFC complex that ...modulates DNA replication and repair. However, the prognosis value of RFC2 and its association with the immune signature of tumor microenvironment (TME) in LGG remains unknown. Based on Oncomine, TCGA, GTEx, TIMER, GEPIA, and HPA databases, we evaluated RFC2 expression levels and its clinical prognostic value in LGG and other cancers. Then we analyzed the correlations between RFC2 expression and tumor mutation burden (TMB), tumor microsatellite instability (MSI), and mismatch repair (MMR) genes across cancers. And CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms were conducted to estimate the association of RFC2 with immune cell infiltration of LGG. Additionally, we performed the functional enrichment analyses of RFC2 in LGG. Then functional experiments were employed to further validate the oncogenic role of RFC2 in LGG. Our results showed that RFC2 was widely highly expressed in most types of cancer. And its expression was closely related to the clinicopathological features and prognosis in LGG and other cancer types. RFC2 levels were also correlated with TMB and MSI across various cancers. Furthermore, RFC2 was positively associated with the infiltration levels of immune cells and immune checkpoint genes in LGG. Additionally, in vitro experiments revealed that RFC2 played an oncogenic role in LGG progression. In conclusion, our findings revealed that RFC2 could serve as a reliable biomarker to predict the prognosis and immune signature for LGG.
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Abstract The automated and efficient classification of astronomical spectra is an important research issue in the era of large sky surveys. Most current studies on automatic spectral classification ...primarily focus on specific data sets and demonstrate outstanding performance. However, the diversity in spectra poses formidable challenges for these classification models, as they exhibit limited capability to generalize across more comprehensive data sets. In response to these challenges, we pioneer a method called the multiscale partial convolution net (MSPC-Net), which amalgamates partial, large kernel, and grouped convolution to facilitate multilabel spectral classification. By harnessing the capabilities of partial convolution, MSPC-Net can effectively reduce the number of model parameters, accelerate the training process, and mitigate the overfitting issue. Integrating large kernel and grouped convolution empowers the model to capture local and global features simultaneously, enhancing its overall classification efficacy. To rigorously evaluate the model’s performance, we generate ten different data sets sourced from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Large Sky Area Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope. These data sets encompass stellar class, stellar subclass, and full classification, providing a comprehensive assessment across various application scenarios. The experimental results reveal that MSPC-Net consistently outperforms the other models across different data sets, especially demonstrating superior performance in the last two data sets with full classification. Consequently, MSPC-Net is poised to find extensive applications in the detailed classification for large-scale sky survey projects. This work not only addresses the challenges of generalization in spectral classification but also contributes significantly to the advancement of robust models for astronomical research.
Aflatoxin exposure is a crucial factor in promoting the development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in individuals infected with the hepatitis virus. However, the molecular pathways leading ...to its bioactivation and subsequent toxicity in hepatocytes have not been well-defined. Here, we carried out a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screen to identify aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) targets. Among the most significant hits was the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-binding transcription factor regulating cell metabolism, differentiation, and immunity. AHR-deficient cells tolerated high concentrations of AFB1, in which AFB1 adduct formation was significantly decreased. AFB1 triggered AHR nuclear translocation by directly binding to its N-terminus. Furthermore, AHR mediated the expression of P450 induced by AFB1. AHR expression was also elevated in primary tumor sections obtained from AFB1-HCC patients, which paralleled the upregulation of PD-L1, a clinically relevant immune regulator. Finally, anti-PD-L1 therapy exhibited greater efficacy in HCC xenografts derived from cells with ectopic expression of AHR. These results demonstrated that AHR was required for the AFB1 toxicity associated with HCC, and implicate the immunosuppressive regimen of anti-PD-L1 as a therapeutic option for the treatment of AFB1-associated HCCs.
The smoke of burning mosquito-repellent incense was taken as an example for the local air pollution to be detected and analyzed in situ and in real time. And the spectra of the ambient air, human ...breathing, and smoke were detected in situ with the LIBS technique. There are some additional spectral lines being found in human breathing, such as the C, H
line, and the CN molecular bands. Some characteristic peaks of the elements Fe, Ca, Ti, Sr, and Cr have been observed in the smoke. Moreover, the vibrational and rotational temperature of the CN molecule were calculated. The mosquito-repellent incense was dipped into the solutions containing Mn and Pb to simulate heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere.
Ni‐rich cathodes are regarded as the most suitable candidates for high‐energy‐density Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, the structural degradation of Ni‐rich cathodes and high reactivity of ...electrolytes at the high‐potential cathodes greatly affect the cycling stability. One of the prime reasons is that HF produced by the thermal decomposition and hydrolysis of the electrolyte salt LiPF6 can cause corrosion at the electrode/electrolyte interface, promote the transition‐metal dissolution from cathode, and aggravate the decomposition of the electrolyte. This work develops a multifunctional and promising silane‐based electrolyte additive, vinyltrimethylsilane (VTMS), which is generally applicable to Ni‐rich cathode‐based LIBs. Theoretical calculations and practical experiments reveal that VTMS is capable of eliminating HF, stabilizing PF5, and suppressing the hydrolysis of LiPF6. Besides, the additive VTMS undergoes redox reactions prior to other electrolyte components, mitigates the electrolyte decomposition, and constructs superior interphases at both cathode and anode. The electrochemical performance of LIBs is significantly improved at both room temperature (25 °C) and low temperature (0 °C), demonstrating that VTMS has broad application prospects in LIBs. The development of such a multifunctional additive is of great importance for simplifying the electrolyte composition.
A multifunctional additive capable of eliminating HF, mitigating electrolyte decomposition, constructing superior interphases at both cathodes and anodes and stabilizing the crystalline structure of Ni‐rich cathodes is developed. This additive is generally applicable to Ni‐rich cathode‐based Li‐ion batteries and greatly improves their electrochemical performance.
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Liquid biopsies, based on cell free DNA (cfDNA) and proteins, have shown the potential to detect early stage cancers of diverse tissue types. However, most of these studies were retrospective, using ...individuals previously diagnosed with cancer as cases and healthy individuals as controls. Here, we developed a liquid biopsy assay, named the hepatocellular carcinoma screen (HCCscreen), to identify HCC from the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) positive asymptomatic individuals in the community population. The training cohort consisted of individuals who had liver nodules and/or elevated serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, and the assay robustly separated those with HCC from those who were non-HCC with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 93%. We further applied this assay to 331 individuals with normal liver ultrasonography and serum AFP levels. A total of 24 positive cases were identified, and a clinical follow-up for 6–8 mo confirmed four had developed HCC. No HCC cases were diagnosed from the 307 test-negative individuals in the follow-up during the same time-scale. Thus, the assay showed 100% sensitivity, 94% specificity, and 17% positive predictive value in the validation cohort. Notably, each of the four HCC cases was at the early stage (<3 cm) when diagnosed. Our study provides evidence that the use of combined detection of cfDNA alterations and protein markers is a feasible approach to identify early stage HCC from asymptomatic community populations with unknown HCC status.
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