Abstract
Wearable dry electrodes are needed for long-term biopotential recordings but are limited by their imperfect compliance with the skin, especially during body movements and sweat secretions, ...resulting in high interfacial impedance and motion artifacts. Herein, we report an intrinsically conductive polymer dry electrode with excellent self-adhesiveness, stretchability, and conductivity. It shows much lower skin-contact impedance and noise in static and dynamic measurement than the current dry electrodes and standard gel electrodes, enabling to acquire high-quality electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in various conditions such as dry and wet skin and during body movement. Hence, this dry electrode can be used for long-term healthcare monitoring in complex daily conditions. We further investigated the capabilities of this electrode in a clinical setting and realized its ability to detect the arrhythmia features of atrial fibrillation accurately, and quantify muscle activity during deep tendon reflex testing and contraction against resistance.
Selenium (Se) is an essential microelement for human or animal health. At high concentrations, it can cause Se poisoning. Human activities (such as coal burning and mining) threaten soil biota by ...mobilizing high levels of Se. We used the earthworm Eisenia fetida as a bio-indicator of environmental pollutants to investigate Se acute toxicity, enrichment, and distribution through exposure tests using filter paper, artificial soil and cow manure. The 24 h- and 48 h-LC50 for the filter paper contact test were 2.7 and 1.52 μg/cm2. In artificial soil test, the 14 d-LC50 and 14 d-biomass inhibition concentration (IC20) were 63.86 and 59.81 mg/kg, respectively. The cow manure resulted in a 2.2- and 2.6-fold higher LC50 and IC20 than artificial soil results, respectively. Earthworms accumulated the largest Se load (89.47 mg/kg) in artificial soil containing 80 mg Se/kg and only accumulated 90.3 mg/kg in cow manure containing 160 mg Se/kg; 46.6–60.59% of the total Se was distributed in the tail of E. fetida. The Se enrichment rate (SERSe) and bioaccumulation factor (BAFSe) scored higher in artificial soil than in cow manure with the same Se concentration exposure, and the highest SERSe was 6.21 and 6.31 mg Se/kg earthworm/d, respectively. The highest BAFSe was 1.49 in artificial soil and 0.75 in cow manure. Our results demonstrate that selenite is more toxic to earthworms living in artificial soil than in cow manure. E. fetida possesses certain Se detoxification mechanisms by distributing Se in the tail.
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•48 h LC50 of selenite toxicity to earthworm was 1.52 μg/cm2 in the filter paper test.•Earthworms exposed to artificial soil had lower LC50 and IC20 than in cow manure.•Earthworms suffered greater Se burden in artificial soil compared to cow manure.•Earthworm mainly distributed Se in the tail to alleviate Se toxicity.•Selenite was more toxic to earthworms in artificial soil than that in cow manure.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Efficient extraction of photogenerated charge carriers is of significance for acquiring a high efficiency for perovskite solar cells. In this paper, a systematic strategy for effectively engineering ...the charge extraction in inverted structured perovskite solar cells based on methylammonium lead halide perovskite (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3−x Cl x ) is presented. Intentionally doping the chlorine element into the perovskite structure is helpful for obtaining a high open circuit voltage. The engineering is carried out by modifying the aluminium cathode with zirconium acetylacetonate, doping the hole transport layer of nickel oxide (NiO x ) with copper and using an advanced fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. This improves the bandgap alignment of the whole device, and thus, is of great benefit for extracting the charge carriers by promoting the transport rate and reducing the trap states. Consequently, an optimized power conversion efficiency of 20.5% is realized. Insights into how to extract charge carriers efficiently with a minimum energy loss are discussed.
Selenium (Se) pollution is mainly caused by anthropogenic activities, and the resulting biosecurity concerns have garnered significant attention in recent years. Using one-compartmental toxicokinetic ...(TK) modelling, this study explored the kinetic absorption, sub-tissue distribution, and elimination processes of the main Se species (selenate, Se(VI)) in the cultivated aerobic soil of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. The bio-accessibility of earthworm-derived Se was assessed using an in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion test to evaluate its potential trophic risk. The results demonstrated that Se accumulated in the pre-clitellum (PC) and total tissues (TT) of earthworms in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The highest Se levels in the PC, post-clitellum (PoC), and TT were 70.54, 57.93, and 64.26 mg/kg during the uptake phase, respectively. The kinetic Se contents in the earthworms PC and TT were consistent with the TK model but not with PoC. The earthworm TT exhibited a faster uptake (Kus = 0.83–1.02 mg/kg/day) and elimination rate of Se (Kee = 0.044–0.049 mg/kg/day), as well as a shorter half-life time (LT1/2 = 15.88–14.22 days) than PC at low soil Se levels (≤5 mg/kg). Conversely, the opposite trend was observed with higher Se concentrations (10 and 20 mg/kg). These results are likely attributable to the tissue specificity and concentration of the toxicant. Earthworms PC and TT exhibited a higher kinetic Se accumulation factor (BAFk) than steady-state BAF (BAFss), with values ranging from 8 to 24 and 3–13, respectively. Furthermore, the bio-accessibility of earthworm-derived Se to poultry ranged from 66.25 % to 84.35 %. As earthworms are at the bottom of the terrestrial food chain, the high bio-accessibility of earthworm-derived Se poses a potential risk to predators. This study offers data support and a theoretical foundation for understanding the biological footprint of soil Se and its toxicological impacts and ecological hazards.
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•Se(VI) kinetics in earthworm sub-tissues were explored using a toxicokinetic model.•Dynamic Se content in earthworm post-clitellum (PoC) was not consistent with TK model.•Soil Se concentration affected Se uptake and elimination in earthworm sub-tissues.•Bio-accessibility of earthworm-derived Se for poultry was in the range of 66.25–84.35 %.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Highlights
A comprehensive summary of the representative promising applications of metal halide perovskite materials, including traditional optoelectronic devices (solar cells, light-emitting diodes, ...photodetectors, lasers), and cutting-edge technologies in terms of neuromorphic devices (artificial synapses and memristors) and pressure-induced emission.
For each application, the fundamentals of the field, the current progress and the remaining challenges are provided, based on the up-to-date works.
Nowadays, the soar of photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells has set off a fever in the study of metal halide perovskite materials. The excellent optoelectronic properties and defect tolerance feature allow metal halide perovskite to be employed in a wide variety of applications. This article provides a holistic review over the current progress and future prospects of metal halide perovskite materials in representative promising applications, including traditional optoelectronic devices (solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, lasers), and cutting-edge technologies in terms of neuromorphic devices (artificial synapses and memristors) and pressure-induced emission. This review highlights the fundamentals, the current progress and the remaining challenges for each application, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the development status and a navigation of future research for metal halide perovskite materials and devices.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Manipulating stimulated‐emission processes and overcoming the ohmic loss of metals in plasmonic lasers are of significance for the according applications in biological sensors, data storage, ...photolithography, and optical communications. Herein, through utilizing an electrochemical‐assisted growth method for high‐quality perovskite nanowires, plasmonic lasers based on the structure of metal/dielectric layer/perovskite nanowires are constructed. The plasmonic lasers demonstrate a threshold of 62 µJ cm−2, a high quality factor of Q ≈ 655, and a fast lasing decay time of 1.6 ps. Interestingly, the plasmonic lasers present an attractive capability in transformation from single mode to multiple modes just by adjusting the pumping energy. In addition to the broad stoichiometry‐dependent tunability of the perovskite materials, the proposed plasmonic lasers have great promise in real applications.
Plasmonic lasers based on the structure of metal/dielectric layer/perovskite nanowires are constructed via an electrochemical‐assisted growth method for high‐quality perovskite nanowires. The plasmonic lasers demonstrate a threshold of 62 µJ cm−2, a high quality factor of ≈655, and a fast lasing decay time of 1.6 ps. The laser modes can be effectively manipulated by adjusting the pump energy.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In organic solar cells, the singlet and triplet excitons dissociate into free charge carriers with different mechanisms due to their opposite spin state. Therefore, the ratio of the singlet and ...triplet excitons directly affects the photocurrent. Many methods were used to optimize the performance of the low-efficiency solar cell by improving the ratio of triplet excitons, which shows a long diffusion length. Here we observed that in high-efficiency systems, the proportion of singlet excitons under linearly polarized light excitation is higher than that of circularly polarized light. Since the singlet charge transfer state has lower binding energy than the triplet state, it makes a significant contribution to the charge carrier generation and enhancement of the photocurrent. Further, the positive magnetic field effect reflects that singlet excitons dissociation plays a major role in the photocurrent, which is opposite to the case of low-efficiency devices where triplet excitons dominate the photocurrent.
Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has been extensively doped with alkali metals to enlarge photocatalytic output, in which cesium (Cs) doping is predicted to be the most efficient. Nevertheless, the ...sluggish diffusion and doping kinetics of precursors with high melting points, along with imprecise regulation, have raised the debate on whether Cs doping could make sense. For this matter, we attempt to confirm the positive effects of Cs doping on multifunctional photocatalysis by first using cesium acetate with the character of easy manipulation. The optimized Cs‐doped g‐C3N4 (CCN) shows a 41.6‐fold increase in visible‐light‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) compared to pure g‐C3N4 and impressive degradation capability, especially with 77% refractory tetracycline and almost 100% rhodamine B degraded within an hour. The penetration of Cs+ is demonstrated to be a mode of interlayer doping, and Cs–N bonds (especially with sp2 pyridine N in C═N–C), along with robust chemical interaction and electron exchange, are fabricated. This atomic configuration triggers the broadened spectral response, the improved charge migration, and the activated photocatalytic capacity. Furthermore, we evaluate the CCN/cadmium sulfide hybrid as a Z‐scheme configuration, promoting the visible HER yield to 9.02 mmol g−1 h−1, which is the highest ever reported among all CCN systems. This work adds to the rapidly expanding field of manipulation strategies and supports further development of mediating served for photocatalysis.
Fluid phase acetate‐assisted cesium (Cs) doping, with the merit of easy to manipulate, introduces the interlayer Cs–N bonds as an available channel for the accelerated charge transport in g‐C3N4, contributing to the extended light harvesting, the improved charge transport, and the enlarged multifunctional photocatalytic output. Hybridization with cadmium sulfide establishes a Z‐scheme configuration for solar water splitting and achieves advanced charge separation.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
With the development of optoelectronic devices toward miniaturization, flexibility, and large‐scale integration, conventional submillimeter rigid encapsulation techniques rarely achieve ...conformational functionality while blocking water and oxygen. At the same time, the sensitivity of electronic devices with organic/metal/semiconductor components to humidity and oxygen severely impairs their operational stability and lifetime. Here, a nanometer to micrometer scale organic/inorganic hybrid thin film encapsulation (TFE) with the self‐cleaning ability for flexible encapsulation is developed. The water vapor transmittance rate of polyethylene terephthalate substrate coated with the TFE is as low as 1.65 × 10−4 g m−2 day−1, and the barrier improvement factor reaches 104 at 38 °C and 90% relative humidity. This value is equivalent to 9.81 × 10−6 g m−2 day−1 at ambient conditions, sufficient to improve the lifetime of water‐sensitive electronic devices. Meanwhile, this TFE shows a super‐hydrophobic performance, with a water contact angle of 168.4°. In addition, the resulting barrier films exhibit outstanding optical properties, with an average optical transmittance of 86.88% in the visible region. This versatile TFE can promote the development of optoelectronic devices toward miniaturization and large‐scale integration in the future.
With the development of optoelectronic devices toward miniaturization, flexibility, and large‐scale integration, conventional submillimeter rigid encapsulation techniques rarely achieve conformational functionality while blocking water and oxygen. A versatile thin film encapsulation with high barrier, light transmittance, self‐cleaning, and conformational properties that can meet increasingly complex application scenarios, is designed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Microplastics (MPs) have become a global environmental issue, however, the threats of metal-associated MPs to soil ecosystems and their involved processes have not been fully disclosed. In this ...study, a microcosm experiment with co-exposure of polyethylene and cadmium was conducted to determine their joint effects on the earthworm Eisenia fetida and to explore their relationship with the soil Cd availability that affected by MPs. The results showed that 28-day co-exposure of MPs and Cd significantly induced higher avoidance responses, weight loss and reduced reproduction of earthworms with the increasing content of pollutants. MPs and Cd jointly inhibited the superoxide enzyme (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities while increasing the glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activities in E. fetida. Histopathological changes and DNA damage to earthworm sperm also occurred in an MPs-dose-dependent manner. In addition, the presence of MPs significantly increased the soil diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-Cd concentrations by 1.20-fold and 1.43-fold while increasing the Cd bioaccumulation in E. fetida by 2.65-fold and 1.42-fold in low- and high-Cd-contaminated soil, respectively, which potentially contributed to the aggravation of the joint toxicity to E. fetida. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that microplastics could enhance the cadmium availability in the co-exposure soil which resulted in the joint toxicity of metal-associated MPs to soil organisms.
MPs increased soil Cd availability and potentially aggravated the joint toxicity with Cd to Eisenia fetida.
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•Co-exposure to microplastics and cadmium inhibited earthworm growth and reproduction.•Co-exposure to microplastics and cadmium induced the oxidative stress of Eisenia fetida.•Combined exposure induced the histopathological and sperm DNA damages of Eisenia fetida.•Microplastics increased the cadmium bioaccumulation in Eisenia fetida.•Microplastics could enhance the cadmium availability in the co-exposure soil.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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