Inspired by the metal‐oxo cluster structural feature and charge separation behaviour of the oxygen evolving center (OEC) in photosystem II (PS‐II) under photoirradiation, a new crystalline ...photochromic polyoxomolybdate, MV2β‐Mo8O26 (1, MV=methyl viologen cation), is designed as a biomimetic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst in neutral electrolytes. After photoinduced electron transfer (PIET) with colour change from colourless to grey, it remains in an ultra‐stable charge‐separated state over a year under ambient conditions. The observed overpotential at 10 mA ⋅ cm−2 and Tafel slope decrease by 49 mV and 62.8 mV ⋅ dec−1 after coloration, respectively. The outstanding OER performance of the coloured state in neutral electrolytes even outperforms the commercial RuO2 benchmark. Experimental and theoretical studies show that oxygen holes within polyanions after irradiation serve as sites for enhancing direct O−O coupling, thus effectively promoting OER. This is the first successful application of electron‐transfer photochromism to realize OER activity gain.
Electron‐transfer photochromism is used to enhance the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity, providing an innovative design concept for the development of non‐precious metal OER catalysts in artificial photosynthesis devices.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is not only an effective solution for primary health care, but also a great resource for drug innovation and discovery. To meet the increasing needs for ...TCM-related data resources, we developed ETCM, an Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine. ETCM includes comprehensive and standardized information for the commonly used herbs and formulas of TCM, as well as their ingredients. The herb basic property and quality control standard, formula composition, ingredient drug-likeness, as well as many other information provided by ETCM can serve as a convenient resource for users to obtain thorough information about a herb or a formula. To facilitate functional and mechanistic studies of TCM, ETCM provides predicted target genes of TCM ingredients, herbs, and formulas, according to the chemical fingerprint similarity between TCM ingredients and known drugs. A systematic analysis function is also developed in ETCM, which allows users to explore the relationships or build networks among TCM herbs, formulas,ingredients, gene targets, and related pathways or diseases. ETCM is freely accessible at http://www.nrc.ac.cn:9090/ETCM/. We expect ETCM to develop into a major data warehouse for TCM and to promote TCM related researches and drug development in the future.
Several studies have indicated a protective effect of breastfeeding on reducing the risk of childhood obesity, however, this remains controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis is to clarify the ...association between breastfeeding and the risk of preschoolers' obesity.
Prospective cohort studies published prior to December 1, 2019 were systematically searched in PubMed, EMBASE, the Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 15.1.
Twenty-six publications involving 332,297 participants were eligible for inclusion.
The pooled odds ratio (OR) of the risk of obesity in ever-breastfed preschoolers was 0.83 (95%CI 0.73,0.94) compared with their never-breastfed counterparts. Random-effects dose-response model revealed a negative correlation between the duration of breastfeeding and risk of obesity (regression coefficient = −0.032, p = .001). Categorical analysis confirmed this dose-response association (1 day to <3 months of breastfeeding: OR = 1.07, 95%CI 0.94,1.21; 3 months to <6 months: OR = 0.96, 95%CI 0.60,1.54; ≥6 months: OR = 0.67, 95%CI 0.58,0.77). One month of breastfeeding was associated with a 4.0% decrease in risk of obesity (OR = 0.96/month of breastfeeding, 95% CI 0.95, 0.97). Under the reference of never breastfeeding, the summary OR of exclusive breastfeeding was 0.53 (95%CI 0.45,0.63).
Breastfeeding is inversely associated with a risk of early obesity in children aged two to six years. Moreover, there is a dose-response effect between duration of breastfeeding and reduced risk of early childhood obesity.
Clinical nurses' guidance and advice that prolong the duration of breastfeeding and promote exclusive breastfeeding are needed to prevent the development of later childhood obesity.
•Breastfeeding has a protective effect on preschoolers’ risk of obesity, which occurs after six months of continuous feeding.•Compared with mixed feeding, exclusive breastfeeding was associated with a lower risk of early childhood obesity.•Dose-response results showed that the protective effect of breastfeeding on childhood obesity was not apparent until after six months of sustained feeding.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Ecological interactions among plants, insect herbivores, and parasitoids are pervasive in nature and play important roles in community assembling, but the codiversification of tri‐trophic ...interactions has received less attention. Here we compare pairwise codiversification patterns between a set of 22 fig species, their herbivorous pollinating and galling wasps, and their parasitoids. The parasitoid phylogeny showed significant congruence and more cospeciation events with host insects phylogeny than with host plants. These results suggest that parasitoid phylogeny and speciation is more closely related to their host insects than to their host plants. The pollinating wasps hosted more parasitoid species than gallers and indicated a more intense interspecific competition among parasitoids associated with pollinators. Closer matching and fewer evolutionary host shifts were found between parasitoids and galler hosts than between parasitoids and pollinator hosts. These results suggest that interspecific competition among parasitoids, rather than resource availability of host wasps, is the main driver of the codiversification pattern in this community. Therefore, our study highlights the important role of interspecific competition among high trophic level insects in plant–insect tri‐trophic community assembling.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
To investigate immune profile consisting of stromal PD‐L1 expression, inhibitory or non‐T‐cell inflamed tumor microenvironment that may predict response to anti‐PD‐L1/PD‐1 immunotherapy in prostate ...cancer, we validated the specificity of a PD‐L1 monoclonal antibody (E1L3N) and identified PD‐L1 specific expression in prostatic stromal nerve cells. PD‐L1 expression was analyzed in 73 primary prostate cancers and 7 castration‐resistant prostate cancers (CRPC) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and resulting data from primary prostate cancers were correlated with tumor‐associated lymphocytes (TALs), clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome. PD‐L1 was expressed in the tumor cells in only one primary prostate cancer case and none of the CRPC. However, PD‐L1 was frequently observed in the nerve branches in the tumor‐associated stroma (69 of 73 cases, 94.5%), supported by colocalization with axonal marker PGP9.5. FoxP3‐, CD3‐ and CD8‐positive T lymphocytes were observed in 74.6% (47/63), 98.4% (62/63) and 100% (61/61) of the cases, respectively. The density of PD‐L1+ tumor‐associated nerves (TANs) was inversely correlated with that of CD8+ TALs. Higher density of PD‐L1+ TANs was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence (BCR) in Kaplan–Meier survival analysis (p = 0.016). In both univariate and multivariate Cox analysis, the density of PD‐L1+ TANs was independently prognostic of BCR. In conclusion, PD‐L1 expression is rare in prostate tumor cells but prevalent in TANs and negatively correlated with CD8+ TALs. Neuro‐immunological interaction may be a contribution to immune‐suppressive microenvironment. Combinatorial treatment regimen designs to neural PD‐L1 and TALs should be warranted in future clinical application of anti‐PD‐L1/PD‐1 immunotherapy in prostate cancer.
What's new?
Immunotherapies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) and its ligand PD‐L1 display durable clinical benefit across various cancer types. However, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has been suggested to underlie the resistance to anti‐PD‐L1/PD‐1 monotherapy in prostate cancer patients. This study investigates stromal PD‐L1 and its relationship with tumor‐associated lymphocytes (TALs) in prostate cancer. The findings indicate that PD‐L1 is expressed in tumor‐associated nerves (TANs) and that high density of PD‐L1+ TANs correlates with reduced CD8+ TALs and predicts poor prognosis of prostate cancer. Combinatorial treatment targeting neural PD‐L1 and TALs should be warranted in anti‐PD‐L1/PD‐1 immunotherapies for prostate cancer.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective To review the research on fear of childbirth, analyze and evaluate the publications by means of bibliometric analysis, and provide suggestions and scopes for future study. Data sources Web ...of Science, PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases. Study selection All published articles focusing on the fear of childbirth from inception to February 10, 2020. Data extraction A total of 743 articles were included for final analysis. Bibliographic data were exported from databases and then cleaned manually before using Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer to analyze and visualize the findings. Data synthesis It was found that 743 articles have been cited 31515 times (h-index: 98). The volume of publications increased by 29.3 times in the past two decades. Across the globe, Sweden was the most prolific country having 129 articles (17.4%) with six of its institutions in the top ten most prolific institutions in the world. Fifty-two (7.8%) documents were published in Midwifery journal. The most prolific author was Hildingsson, who published 35 articles (4.7%). "Cesarean section," "experience," and "factor" were the words that appeared most frequently in titles and abstracts of studies. "Point prevalence of psychiatric disorders during the second trimester of pregnancy: A population-based study" was the most cited article and received 525 citations. Conclusion There is an increasing interest in the research in fear of childbirth during the past two decades. This study has demonstrated that the Swedish authors have a leading role on this topic. Researchers especially in countries with high birth rates, need to promote research projects in this field as it is an important public health issue.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Our previous microarray data showed that microRNA‐224 (miR‐224) was downregulated in human prostate cancer (PCa) tissues compared with adjacent benign tissues. However, the underlying mechanisms by ...which miR‐224 is involved in PCa remain unclear. In this study, we identified TRIB1 as a target gene of miR‐224. Forced expression of miR‐224 suppressed PCa cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and promoted cell apoptosis by downregulating TRIB1. Moreover, the expression level of miR‐224 in PCa tissues was negatively correlated with that of TRIB1. miR‐224 downregulation was frequently found in PCa tissues with metastasis, higher PSA level and clinical stage, whereas TRIB1 upregulation was significantly associated with metastasis. Both miR‐224 downregulation and TRIB1 upregulation were significantly associated with poor biochemical recurrence‐free survival of patients with PCa. In conclusion, these findings reveal that the aberrant expression of miR‐224 and TRIB1 may promote PCa progression and have potentials to serve as novel biomarkers for PCa prognosis.
What's new?
Dysregulation of microRNA expression in cancer suggests that small, noncoding RNAs could be valuable biomarkers for disease detection and management. This study examined the role of miR‐224 expression in prostate cancer. The findings indicate that abnormal miR‐224 expression and its target TRIB1, a regulator of intracellular signalling, may be associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis of prostate cancer. The tumor suppressive effects of miR‐224 in prostate cancer may be partially mediated by down‐regulating TRIB1 expression.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background & Aims
Insulin resistance is strongly associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, a chronic, obesity–related liver disease. Increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an ...important role in the development of insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated the roles of miRNAs in regulating ER stress in the liver of rats with obesity.
Methods
We used miRNA microarray to determine the miRNA expression profiles in the liver of rats fed with a high fat diet (HFD). We used prediction algorithms and luciferase reporter assay to identify the target gene of miRNAs. To overexpress the miRNA miR‐30b or inhibit miR‐30b rats were injected with lentivirus particles containing PGLV3‐miR‐30b or PGLV3‐miR‐30b antimiR through tail vein. Hepatic steatosis was measured using transient elastography in human subjects.
Results
Our data showed that miR‐30b was markedly up‐regulated in the liver of HFD–treated rats. Bioinformatic and in vitro and in vivo studies led us to identify sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase 2b (SERCA2b), as a novel target of miR‐30b. Overexpression of miR‐30b induced ER stress and insulin resistance in rats fed with normal diet, whereas inhibition of miR‐30b by miR‐30b antimiR suppressed ER stress and insulin resistance in HFD–treated rats. Finally, our data demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between serum miR‐30b levels and hepatic steatosis or homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) in human subjects.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that miR‐30b represents not only a potential target for the treatment of insulin resistance, but also a non‐invasive disease biomarker of NAFLD.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The abnormal increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in human blood is a main independent risk factor for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, whereas a reduced LDL level effectively lowers ...morbidity. It is important to develop LDL adsorption materials with high efficiency and selectivity, as well as to simplify their fabrication processes. In this paper, polysulfone (PSF), sulfonated polysulfone (SPSF), and sulfonated polysulfone/dextran (SPSF/GLU) membranes were successfully fabricated for LDL adsorption using a solution casting technique. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirmed the success of the preparation. The water contact angle decreased from 89.7 ± 3.4° (PSF) to 76.4 ± 3.2° (SPSF) and to 71.2 ± 1.9° (SPSF/GLU), respectively. BSA adsorption testing showed that the SPSF/GLU with surface enrichment of sulfonate groups and glycosyl groups possessed higher resistance to protein solution. The adsorption and desorption behaviors of the studied samples in single-protein or binary-protein solutions were systematically investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), The results showed that SPSF/GLU, which had excellent resistance to protein adsorption, possessed a similar adsorption capacity to that of PSF. SPSF membrane exhibited excellent selective affinity for LDL in single and binary protein solutions, suggesting potential applications in LDL removal.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
• Interactions between mutualists, competitors, and antagonists have contrasting ecological effects that, sustained over generations, can influence micro- and macroevolution. Dissimilar benefits and ...costs for these interactions should cause contrasting co-diversification patterns between interacting clades, with prevalent co-speciation by mutualists, association loss by competitors, and host switching by antagonists.
• We assessed these expectations for a local assemblage of 26 fig species (Moraceae: Ficus), 26 species of mutualistic (pollinating), and 33 species of parasitic (galling) wasps (Chalcidoidea). Using newly acquired gene sequences, we inferred the phylogenies for all three clades. We then compared the three possible pairs of phylogenies to assess phylogenetic congruence and the relative frequencies of co-speciation, association duplication, switching, and loss.
• The paired phylogenies of pollinators with their mutualists and competitors were significantly congruent, unlike that of figs and their parasites. The distributions of macroevolutionary events largely agreed with expectations for mutualists and antagonists. By contrast, that for competitors involved relatively frequent association switching, as expected, but also unexpectedly frequent co-speciation. The latter result likely reflects the heterogeneous nature of competition among fig wasps.
• These results illustrate the influence of different interspecific interactions on co-diversification, while also revealing its dependence on specific characteristics of those interactions.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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