Numerous reviews on hydrogen storage have previously been published. However, most of these reviews deal either exclusively with storage materials or the global hydrogen economy. This paper presents ...a review of hydrogen storage systems that are relevant for mobility applications. The ideal storage medium should allow high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, quick uptake and release of fuel, operation at room temperatures and atmospheric pressure, safe use, and balanced cost-effectiveness. All current hydrogen storage technologies have significant drawbacks, including complex thermal management systems, boil-off, poor efficiency, expensive catalysts, stability issues, slow response rates, high operating pressures, low energy densities, and risks of violent and uncontrolled spontaneous reactions. While not perfect, the current leading industry standard of compressed hydrogen offers a functional solution and demonstrates a storage option for mobility compared to other technologies.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Energy storage with high energy density and low cost has been the subject of a decades-long pursuit. Sodium-ion batteries are well expected because they utilize abundant resources. However, the lack ...of competent cathodes with both large capacities and long cycle lives prevents the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries. Conventional cathodes with hexagonal-P2-type structures suffer from structural degradations when the sodium content falls below 33%, or when the integral anions participate in gas evolution reactions. Here, we show a "pillar-beam" structure for sodium-ion battery cathodes where a few inert potassium ions uphold the layer-structured framework, while the working sodium ions could diffuse freely. The thus-created unorthodox orthogonal-P2 K
Ni
Mn
O
cathode delivers a capacity of 194 mAh/g at 0.1 C, a rate capacity of 84% at 1 C, and an 86% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 1 C. The addition of the potassium ions boosts simultaneously the energy density and the cycle life.
Broadband electrochromism from visible to infrared wavelengths is attractive for applications like smart windows, thermal camouflage, and temperature control. In this work, the broadband ...electrochromic properties of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) and its suitability for infrared camouflage and thermoregulation are investigated. Upon Li+ intercalation, LTO changes from a wide bandgap semiconductor to a metal, causing LTO nanoparticles on metal to transition from a super‐broadband optical reflector to a solar absorber and thermal emitter. Large tunabilities of 0.74, 0.68, and 0.30 are observed for the solar reflectance, mid‐wave infrared (MWIR) emittance, and long‐wave infrared (LWIR) emittance, respectively, with a tunability of 0.43 observed for a wavelength of 10 µm. The values exceed, or are comparable to notable performances in the literature. A promising cycling stability is also observed. MWIR and LWIR thermography reveal that the emittance of LTO‐based electrodes can be electrochemically tuned to conceal them amidst their environment. Moreover, under different sky conditions, LTO shows promising solar heating and subambient radiative cooling capabilities depending on the degree of lithiation and device design. The demonstrated capabilities of LTO make electrochromic devices based on LTO highly promising for infrared‐camouflage applications in the defense sector, and for thermoregulation in space and terrestrial environments.
The visible‐to‐infrared super‐broadband electrochromism of Li4Ti5O12 is investigated. Electrochromic transition from a semiconductor to metal enables Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles on metal to tune their solar reflectance, mid‐wave infrared emittance, and long‐wave infrared emittance by 0.74, 0.68, and 0.30, respectively. The high tunabilities allow Li4Ti5O12 to exhibit thermal camouflage and switchable radiative cooling/solar heating, making it highly promising for practical applications.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Lithium batteries are electrochemical devices that are widely used as power sources. This history of their development focuses on the original development of lithium-ion batteries. In particular, we ...highlight the contributions of Professor Michel Armand related to the electrodes and electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries.
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An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the ...growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Energy storage materials are finding increasing applications in our daily lives, for devices such as mobile phones and electric vehicles. Current commercial batteries use flammable liquid ...electrolytes, which are unsafe, toxic, and environmentally unfriendly with low chemical stability. Recently, solid electrolytes have been extensively studied as alternative electrolytes to address these shortcomings. Herein, we report the early history, synthesis and characterization, mechanical properties, and Li
ion transport mechanisms of inorganic sulfide and oxide electrolytes. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of the fabrication technology and experimental conditions, such as the effects of pressure and operating parameters, on the electrochemical performance of all-solid-state Li batteries. In particular, we emphasize promising electrolyte systems based on sulfides and argyrodites, such as LiPS
Cl and β-Li
PS
, oxide electrolytes, bare and doped Li
La
Zr
O
garnet, NASICON-type structures, and perovskite electrolyte materials. Moreover, we discuss the present and future challenges that all-solid-state batteries face for large-scale industrial applications.
This review presents a survey of the literature on recent progress in lithium-ion batteries, with the active sub-micron-sized particles of the positive electrode chosen in the family of lamellar ...compounds Li
O₂, where
stands for a mixture of Ni, Mn, Co elements, and in the family of
Li₂MnO₃•(1 -
)LiNi
Mn
O₂ layered-layered integrated materials. The structural, physical, and chemical properties of these cathode elements are reported and discussed as a function of all the synthesis parameters, which include the choice of the precursors and of the chelating agent, and as a function of the relative concentrations of the
cations and composition
. Their electrochemical properties are also reported and discussed to determine the optimum compositions in order to obtain the best electrochemical performance while maintaining the structural integrity of the electrode lattice during cycling.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Rechargeable batteries are essential elements for many applications, ranging from portable use up to electric vehicles. Among them, lithium-ion batteries have taken an increasing importance in the ...day life. However, they suffer of several limitations: safety concerns and risks of thermal runaway, cost, and high carbon footprint, starting with the extraction of the transition metals in ores with low metal content. These limitations were the motivation for an intensive research to replace the inorganic electrodes by organic electrodes. Subsequently, the disadvantages that are mentioned above are overcome, but are replaced by new ones, including the solubility of the organic molecules in the electrolytes and lower operational voltage. However, recent progress has been made. The lower voltage, even though it is partly compensated by a larger capacity density, may preclude the use of organic electrodes for electric vehicles, but the very long cycling lives and the fast kinetics reached recently suggest their use in grid storage and regulation, and possibly in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The purpose of this work is to review the different results and strategies that are currently being used to obtain organic electrodes that make them competitive with lithium-ion batteries for such applications.
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All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are undoubtedly among the most promising technologies to replace conventional lithium-ion batteries. Their key component is a thin solid-state electrolyte, ...which is safer than its flammable liquid counterpart and enables the use of metallic lithium, thus ensuring high energy densities (over 500 W h kg−1). Several solid electrolytes are currently being investigated, such as NASICON-like materials, perovskites, and garnets. Typical techniques used to synthesize most such electrolytes still involve prolonged high-temperature calcination and sintering steps. An alternative approach is to couple electrospinning with the well-known sol–gel method to lower the temperatures and synthesis times and simultaneously exploit the benefits of using anisotropic nanostructured materials. In this review, we discuss advances in the synthesis of ceramic nanofibrous materials having high ionic conductivity and present our perspective regarding their potential application as electrolytes in ASSLBs.
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•Coupling electrospinning with sol-gel to synthesize ceramic nanofibrous materials.•1D ceramic materials to improve the performance of solid state electrolytes for lithium batteries.•Future challenges and opportunities for highly ion-conductive ceramic nanofibers.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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