The main purpose of this paper is the presentation of Harvard Law School scholar James Bradley Thayer and his famous article The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law, ...published in Harvard Law Review in 1893. Thayer formulated therein his theory of judicial restraint based on the formula unconstitutionality beyond reasonable doubt. This theory influenced such eminent judges and scholars like Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louis Brandeis, Learned Hand and, last but not least, Felix Franfurter, and is still broadly discussed in contemporary American constitutional jurisprudence. In conclusion the author proposes to make American experiences in this area useful for the current debate concerning Polish constitutional crisis.
It is a widespread opinion that modern jurisprudence was shaped first of all by the tradition of Roman law. In this article author tries to explain why ancient Greek legal thought should be equally ...important. As an example he considers the evolution and the different meanings of the concept of nomos. Four issues are presented in this paper. First, nomos in the political philosophy of Carl Schmitt and Giorgio Agamben. Secondly, nomos in one of Pindar’s poems. Thirdly, the distinction between physis and nomos made by the sophists. Fourthly, thesmos, nomos and psephisma in the legislative practice of Athenian ekklesia.
The starting point of the author’s considerations is one of Cicero’s forensic speeches in a civil case, Oratio pro Caecina. But the main purpose of this article is to answer the following question: ...was Cicero a jurist or not? For many years, this problem was controversial for Romanists, historians and theoreticians of rhetoric. The author puts forward two hypotheses – firstly, a historical one, and secondly a modern one. In the light of the former, Cicero was not a jurist, because in court he played the role of a Roman advocatus and Roman iurisconsultus. From the modern perspective the problem is more complicated – he was a jurist in the modern sense, even if he was not a jurist in today’s meaning. The author’s analysis is constructed more from the point of view of legal philosophy than from the history of Roman law.
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Article discusses a dilemma of judge facing a possibility (or necessity) of applying judicial disobedience. From the philosophical as well as theoretical point of view, the most intriguing would be ...an instance of judicial disobedience when applied to a state of democracy and the rule of law. In order to (re-)construct such an instance, the article traces the reader back to the middle of the 19th Century, when the moral conscience of (at least) some of American judges drove them to searching for the sound justification of judicial disobedience when faced with problem of slavery.
Sumienie sędziego Zajadło, Jerzy
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (1960),
12/2017, Volume:
79, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Przedmiotem artykułu jest filozoficzno-prawna analiza pojęcia „sumienie sędziego”, które pojawia się ostatnio dosyć często w dyskursie publicznym. Autor proponuje jego szerokie rozumienie i wyróżnia ...cztery różne źródła sędziowskiego sumienia: 1) światopogląd, najczęściej o podłożu religijnym; 2) profesjonalizm; 3) konflikty aksjologiczne wewnątrz systemu prawa; 4) świadomość przynależności do odrębnej, trzeciej władzy. Autor pokazuje to na przykładzie orzecznictwa sądów amerykańskich w sprawach niewolniczych z przełomu 18. i 19. wieku. Jego zdaniem można na tej podstawie dokonać pewnych paradygmatycznych ustaleń w zakresie możliwych postaw sędziów stojących w obliczu konfliktu aksjologicznego. W zakończeniu autor przenosi swoje rozważania na grunt obecnego polskiego kryzysu konstytucyjnego.
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Filozofia prawa dotyczy takich tradycyjnych kwestii filozoficznych, jak ontologia, epistemologia, logika i etyka. Zwykle jednak nie uwzględnia ostatniego z głównych zagadnień filozoficznych ‒ ...estetyki. Autor próbuje wypełnić tę lukę tzw. estetyką pragmatyczną, sformułowaną przez Richarda Schustermana. Stosując terminologię łacińską, twierdzi, że lex (prawo) powinna być nie tylko certa, praevia, scripta et stricta, ale również pulchra (pewne, uprzednie, pisemne, ścisłe, ale również piękne). W artykule przedstawiono też trzy różne perspektywy związków prawa z estetyką. W podsumowaniu autor próbuje dokonać przykładowo estetycznej oceny systemu prawa jako całości, posiłkując się analizą obrazu Gustava Klimta Jurisprudenz.
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An axiology as a theory of values takes an important place not only in general philosophy but in legal philosophy as well. Jurisprudence and law cannot ultimately be axiologically neutralised since ...the relationship between law and values is of a primary, eternal, necessary and immanent character. The author discusses this phenomenon on the example of Gustav Radbruch’s legal philosophy. In his opinion when one writes about Radbruch as a philosopher of law, one should make five very important reservations: firstly, Radbruch was a representative of Neo-Kantianism; secondly, it was not Neo-Kantianism ‘in general’, but a specific variant called Baden Neo-Kantianism (south-German, Heidelberg-based); thirdly, Radbruch was not a philosopher ‘in general’, as he was interested in Neo-Kantianism transplanted to the philosophy of law; fourthly, we may currently notice a great comeback of the philosophy of Kant (e.g. J. Habermas, J. Rawls, O. Höffe), but this phenomenon should be precisely distinguished from Neo-Kantianism as the temporally and spatially determined philosophical direction of the fin de siècle period; fifthly, if one can even speak of some kind of axiological turning point in the evolution of Radbruch’s philosophical views, it is 1933 rather than 1945.
When does the universality of human rights and freedoms conflict with the legality of humanitarian intervention? This article explores the history of and problems with this issue. In addition, it ...pursues the problems of when and how to intervene to prevent humanitarian crises and how to reestablish peace after a military intervention. Three key responsibilities are identified: to prevent, to react, and to rebuild. This thorny ethical, political, and legal problem has been one of the most difficult in international law, and the author does not envision it being solved soon; however, the author points to real progress in multilateral conventions as hope for the future.
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The main goal of the article is to present a profile of the eminent english judge William murray, known primarily as the lord of mansfield, and his case law. The Author identifies a number of factors ...that determined his unique and exceptional philosophy of judging, especially the attempt to combine common law, equity and Roman law. The article focuses primarily on one chosen field - copyright, the foundations of which were formed in the eighteenth century, and two judgments in the cases Millar v. Taylor (1769) and Donaldson v. Beckett (1774).
The question of how to restore the fallen and degenerated body that once was the Polish Constitutional Tribunal is finally to make its way to the Parliament this week. The stakes are clear: If we get ...lost in legalese and accept half-baked solutions, it will taint all ambitions and legislative projects aimed at restoring the rule of law in Poland. To avoid this mistake, the “fake court” should be “zeroed out” and newly appointed.
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