The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dried
L. leaves as a phytogenic mixture added to broiler feed on CD4
and CD8
T lymphocyte subpopulations, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody ...titres, and the presence of
in faecal samples. The study was conducted on 100 male Ross 308 broilers, divided into four groups of 25 broilers, for a 42-day research period. The groups were housed separately in boxes on a litter of softwood shavings and were fed starter mixture from day 1 to day 21 and finisher mixture from day 22 to day 42. Industrial hemp (
) was grown in the Crkvina area, Croatia (latitude: 45°18'46.8″ N; longitude: 15°31'30″ E). The hemp leaves were manually separated, sun-dried, and ground to a powder. The mixture offered to the control group did not contain cannabis leaves, whereas the three experimental groups received mixtures containing mixed cannabis leaves in a quantity of 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg, or 30 g/kg (E_10, E_20, and E_30, respectively). The mean NDV antibody level was uniform in all study groups until post-vaccination day 14 and increased comparably with time. The percentage of CD4
and CD8
lymphocytes in the peripheral blood subpopulation showed statistically significant differences (
< 0.001) in the E_20 group as compared with the control group and both the E_10 and E_30 groups throughout the study period. As the broiler age increased, the CD4
-to-CD8
ratios also increased and were statistically significant (
< 0.0001) on day 42 in all experimental groups as compared to the control group. Comparing the control group with the experimental groups indicated that the bacterial count was lower in broiler groups having received feed with the addition of 20 g/kg and 30 g/kg
leaves. In conclusion, the
leaves were found to elicit a favourable immunomodulatory effect on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in broilers via increased CD4
and CD8
lymphocyte subpopulations and higher CD4
:CD8
cell ratios, thus indicating enhanced immune function capacity. In addition,
leaves may have complementary effects on the broiler post-vaccination immune response, increase broilers' resistance to infectious diseases, reduce the effect of stress associated with vaccination, and improve broiler health and welfare.
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Soja je jedan od najkvalitetnijih izvora biljnih proteina u proizvodnji hrane za životinje. Preradom zrna soje dobivaju se proizvodi koji se koriste i za prehranu ljudi, a i kao sirovina u ...prehrambenoj, kemijskoj i farmaceutskoj industriji. Kvalitetan uzgoj soje ovisi o brojnim faktorima kao što su: odgovarajuće tlo, svjetlo, vlaga i izbor sorte; soja je i dobar izvor bjelančevina, ulja, ugljikohidrata, minerala (kalija, fosfora, sumpora, kalcija, željeza, magnezija, natrija i dr.), vitamina, esencijalnih i neesecijalnih aminokiselina. U sojinom zrnu prisutne su antinutritivne tvari (termolabilne i termostabilne) koje nisu probavljive i/ili negativno utječu na probavu i prouzroče sporiji rast životinja. Pravilnom tehnološkom obradom soje antinutritivne tvari se mogu potpuno i/ili djelomično inaktivirati. Laboratorijskim analizama moguće je utvrditi je li obrada pravilno provedena i jesu li vrijednosti antinutrijenata u odgovarajućem rasponu. Analizom uzoraka soje i proizvoda iz soje u Laboratoriju za analitiku stočne hrane, Podružnice Centar za peradarstvo, Hrvatskog veterinarskog instituta uočena su odstupanja u hranidbenom sastavu s obzirom na podrijetlo uzoraka koji nije uvijek naveden na dostavljenim uzorcima i/ili ne odgovara deklaraciji uzoraka (ako je dostupna), s obzirom na vrijednosti u tabelama kemijskog sastava i hranjive vrijednosti krmiva. Uzorcima su određeni osnovni kemijski parametri uključujući i mineralni sastav, vlaga, pepeo, sirova mast, sirova vlakna, sirove bjelančevine, šećer, topivost bjelančevina u 0,2 % - tnoj kalijevoj lužini, minerali (Ca, P, Na, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, K), kloridi topivi u vodi, tripsin inhibitor i ureaza, primjenom standardnih analitičkih metoda. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio usporediti kvalitetu soje i proizvoda od soje (hranidbeni sastav) iz različitih izvora koji su dostupni u Republici Hrvatskoj i procijeniti njihovu potencijalnu primjenu u hranidbi životinja.
Soybean is one of the best sources of plantbased proteins for animal feed production. The products that remain after soybean processing are used as food for humans and as raw materials for the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Soybean production depends upon a number of factors including adequate soil, light, moisture and selected variety. Soybean is a good source of protein, oils, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and essential and non-essential amino acids.Antinutritional substances (thermolabile and thermostable) are also present in soybean seeds.These are not digestible and/or have a negative effect on digestion and cause slower growth of animals. However, with appropriate technological processing, these substances can be partially and/or completely inactivated. Laboratory analysis can show whether processing has been adequately performed and whether the antinutrient values are within the appropriate range. Analysis of soybean seeds and soybean products in the Feed Analysis Laboratory, Poultry Centre, Croatian Veterinary Institute in Zagreb, Croatia showed certain variations in nutritional content. Variations were in respect to the origin of samples (data were not always provided with the sample) or were not in concordance with the declaration (if available) or with the data listed the table of chemical composition and nutritional values. Basic chemical parameters, including mineral content, were determined in all samples using standard analytical methods. Analysed parameters were moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fibre, crude protein, sugar, protein solubility in 0.2% potassium hydroxide, minerals (Ca, P, Na, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and K), chlorides soluble in water, trypsin inhibitor and urease. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of soybeans and soybean products (nutritional content) from different sources that are available in Republic of Croatia and to evaluate their potential for use as animal feed.
Food safety, climate change, the emergence of infectious diseases, the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters, and increasingly demanding intensive production are daily challenges for ...poultry production. A functional immune system is a prerequisite for animal health, and nutrition is one of the modulators of the immune system; therefore, the appropriate balance of nutrients is extremely important for the proper development and maintenance of the immune system of animals. The antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of phytobiotics are properties that make their use important as feed additives for poultry. Cannabis sativa L. contains many different compounds such as flavonoids, terpenes, and cannabinoids, each with different properties and effects. The effects of C. sativa seeds, essential oils, and cakes as feed additives for poultry have already been investigated, but the effect of C. sativa L. leaves as a feed additive on immunostimulatory and antibacterial activity has not. The results of this study show that C. sativa as a phytogenic additive to animal feed has a favourable antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effect in the production of broiler chickens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dried Cannabis sativa L. leaves as a phytogenic mixture added to broiler feed on CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ T lymphocyte subpopulations, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody titres, and the presence of E. coli in faecal samples. The study was conducted on 100 male Ross 308 broilers, divided into four groups of 25 broilers, for a 42-day research period. The groups were housed separately in boxes on a litter of softwood shavings and were fed starter mixture from day 1 to day 21 and finisher mixture from day 22 to day 42. Industrial hemp (C. sativa) was grown in the Crkvina area, Croatia (latitude: 45°18′46.8″ N; longitude: 15°31′30″ E). The hemp leaves were manually separated, sun-dried, and ground to a powder. The mixture offered to the control group did not contain cannabis leaves, whereas the three experimental groups received mixtures containing mixed cannabis leaves in a quantity of 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg, or 30 g/kg (E_10, E_20, and E_30, respectively). The mean NDV antibody level was uniform in all study groups until post-vaccination day 14 and increased comparably with time. The percentage of CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood subpopulation showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) in the E_20 group as compared with the control group and both the E_10 and E_30 groups throughout the study period. As the broiler age increased, the CD4sup.+-to-CD8sup.+ ratios also increased and were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) on day 42 in all experimental groups as compared to the control group. Comparing the control group with the experimental groups indicated that the bacterial count was lower in broiler groups having received feed with the addition of 20 g/kg and 30 g/kg C. sativa leaves. In conclusion, the C. sativa leaves were found to elicit a favourable immunomodulatory effect on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in broilers via increased CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ lymphocyte subpopulations and higher CD4sup.+:CD8sup.+ cell ratios, thus indicating enhanced immune function capacity. In addition, C. sativa leaves may have complementary effects on the broiler post-vaccination immune response, increase broilers’ resistance to infectious diseases, reduce the effect of stress associated with vaccination, and improve broiler health and welfare.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Zagorski puran kao hrvatska autohtona pasmina sa zaštitom zemljopisnog podrijetla i zaštićenom oznakom izvornosti sve se više uzgaja na obiteljskim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima. Tradicionalni ...način držanja zagorskog purana na otvorenom, uz često nedovoljno prostora u objektima kao i izmetom, hranom i otpadom često zaprljani manji ispusti, način hranjenja uz neodržavanje higijene hranilica i pojilica i uzgoj raznovrsne peradi na istom prostoru, u prvom redu kokoši, predispozicija su za pojavu bolesti poput mikoplazmoze i histomonijaze. U takvim uvjetima česta je i sekundarna bakterijska infekcija bakterijom Escherichia coli. U radu smo dali osnovne smjernice uzgoja zagorskog purana, kao i pregled najznačajnijih bolesti kojima pogoduje tradicionalni način uzgoja zagorskog purana ustvrđenih tijekom dvogodišnjeg istraživanja na obiteljskim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima Krapinsko- zagorske županije. Praćeno je ukupno 46 uzgoja s preko 10000 uzgojenih purana godišnje. U 22 % obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava ustvrđen je zarazni sinusitis, a u 11 % uzgoja histomonijaza. Sekundarna bakterijska infekcija bakterijom E. coli dokazana je u 10 uzgoja zahvaćenih mikoplazmom ili histomonijazom. Povećanom uginuću i štetama u gospodarstvima vjerojatno je pridonijela i učestala, nasumična, nekontrolirana i nepotrebna uporaba antimikrobnih lijekova koji stvaraju rezistenciju bakterija. Uz zaštitu zagorskog purana kao hrvatskog izvornog proizvoda, od velike je važnosti provoditi i sustavni veterinarski nadzor kako bi se prevenirao razvoj bolesti te unaprijedio i povećao uzgoj ove važne hrvatske peradi.
The Zagorje turkey, as an indigenous Croatian breed with protection of geographical origin and protected designation of origin, is being bred in increasing numbers on family farms. The traditional outdoor way of keeping Zagorje turkey is predisposed for the occurrence of diseases, such as mycoplasmosis and histomoniasis, due to the often insufficient space in facilities and in small outlets often dirty from faeces, food and waste, and based on a feeding method without maintaining the hygiene of feeders and drinkers, with the simultaneous breeding of other poultry species (chickens primarily). Under such conditions, secondary bacterial infection with Escherichia coli is also common. This paper provides basic guidelines for breeding the Zagorje turkey, and gives an overview of the most significant diseases arising in the traditional breeding of Zagorje turkey, based on the results of a two-year study on family farms in Krapina-Zagorje County. A total of 46 farms with over 10,000 raised turkeys per year were monitored. Infectious sinusitis was found in 22% of family farms, and histomoniasis in 11%. In 10 farms, affected by mycoplasmosis or histomoniasis, secondary infection with Escherichia coli was also proven. Frequent, random, uncontrolled and unnecessary use of antimicrobial drugs not only gives rise to bacterial resistance, but likely also contributed to increased mortality and damages on farms. Systematic veterinary supervision is highly important to protect the Zagorje turkey as a Croatian original product, and also to prevent the development of diseases and improve and increase the breeding of this important Croatian poultry.
Zagorski puran kao hrvatska autohtona pasmina sa zaštitom zemljopisnog podrijetla i zaštićenom oznakom izvornosti sve se više uzgaja na obiteljskim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima. Tradicionalni način ...držanja zagorskog purana na otvorenom, uz često nedovoljno prostora u objektima kao i izmetom, hranom i otpadom često zaprljani manji ispusti, način hranjenja uz neodržavanje higijene hranilica i pojilica i uzgoj raznovrsne peradi na istom prostoru, u prvom redu kokoši, predispozicija su za pojavu bolesti poput mikoplazmoze i histomonijaze. U takvim uvjetima česta je i sekundarna bakterijska infekcija bakterijom Escherichia coli. U radu smo dali osnovne smjernice uzgoja zagorskog purana, kao i pregled najznačajnijih bolesti kojima pogoduje tradicionalni način uzgoja zagorskog purana ustvrđenih tijekom dvogodišnjeg istraživanja na obiteljskim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima Krapinsko- zagorske županije. Praćeno je ukupno 46 uzgoja s preko 10000 uzgojenih purana godišnje. U 22 % obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava ustvrđen je zarazni sinusitis, a u 11 % uzgoja histomonijaza. Sekundarna bakterijska infekcija bakterijom E. coli dokazana je u 10 uzgoja zahvaćenih mikoplazmom ili histomonijazom. Povećanom uginuću i štetama u gospodarstvima vjerojatno je pridonijela i učestala, nasumična, nekontrolirana i nepotrebna uporaba antimikrobnih lijekova koji stvaraju rezistenciju bakterija. Uz zaštitu zagorskog purana kao hrvatskog izvornog proizvoda, od velike je važnosti provoditi i sustavni veterinarski nadzor kako bi se prevenirao razvoj bolesti te unaprijedio i povećao uzgoj ove važne hrvatske peradi.
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