We present an early-phase g-band light curve and visual-wavelength spectra of the normal Type Ia supernova (SN) 2013gy. The light curve is constructed by determining the appropriate S-corrections to ...transform KAIT natural-system B- and V-band photometry and Carnegie Supernova Project natural-system g-band photometry to the Pan-STARRS1 g-band natural photometric system. A Markov chain Monte Carlo calculation provides a best-fit single power-law function to the first ten epochs of photometry described by an exponent of 2.16+0.06−0.06 2 . 16 − 0.06 + 0.06 $ 2.16^{+0.06}_{-0.06} $ and a time of first light of MJD 56629.4+0.1−0.1 56629 . 4 − 0.1 + 0.1 $ 56629.4^{+0.1}_{-0.1} $ , which is 1.93+0.12−0.13 1 . 93 − 0.13 + 0.12 $ 1.93^{+0.12}_{-0.13} $ days (i.e., < 48 h) before the discovery date (2013 December 4.84 UT) and −19.10+0.12−0.13 − 19 . 10 − 0.13 + 0.12 $ -19.10^{+0.12}_{-0.13} $ days before the time of B-band maximum (MJD 56648.5 ± 0.1). The estimate of the time of first light is consistent with the explosion time inferred from the evolution of the Si IIλ6355 Doppler velocity. Furthermore, discovery photometry and previous nondetection limits enable us to constrain the companion radius down to Rc ≤ 4 R⊙. In addition to our early-time constraints, we used a deep +235 day nebular-phase spectrum from Magellan/IMACS to place a stripped H-mass limit of < 0.018 M⊙. Combined, these limits effectively rule out H-rich nondegenerate companions.
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FMFMET, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
Flexible thermoelectric (TE) materials have wide applications in fabricating portable/wearable devices owing to the advantages of being bendable, small size, and lightweight. Inorganic material–based ...flexible thin films have attracted much attention owing to their high TE performance. So far, developing high TE properties and environment friendly flexible thin films for practical applications is still a considerable challenge. Copper selenide (Cu2Se) is a non-toxic and low-cost material, providing relatively safe TE modules for thin film devices. In this work, Cu2Se-based thin films with single crystal phase have been fabricated successfully at a flexible substrate by an efficient layer-by-layer combination reaction method. By optimizing the composition, a high power factor of 5.3 μWcm−1K−2 and dimensionless figure of merit value of 0.35 with low thermal conductivity are achieved at room temperature. Through bending tests, it has been shown that the prepared thin films possess good flexibility and the designed flexible device displays stable output power, which demonstrates the potential of inorganic TE materials to be mountable on flexible/wearable substrates for energy harvesting and management devices.
The well-crystallized Cu2Se thermoelectric thin films have been synthesized via an efficient layer-by-layer combination reaction method, and the high power factor of 5.3 μWcm−1K−2 and ZT value of 0.35 with low thermal conductivity are achieved at room temperature by optimizing the composition. Cu2Se, copper selenide; ZT, dimensionless figure of merit. Display omitted
•The layer-by-layer combination reaction method was used for preparing high-performance copper selenide (Cu2Se) thin films.•The self-assembled growth of Cu2Se with single crystal phase was successfully realized.•A high power factor of 5.3 μWcm−1K−2 and dimensionless figure of merit value of 0.35 are achieved at room temperature.•The thin film possesses good flexibility, and the designed flexible device displays stable output power.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Measurements of OH reactivity, the inverse lifetime of the OH radical, can provide a top–down estimate of the total amount of reactive carbon in an air mass. Using a comprehensive measurement suite, ...we examine the measured and modeled OH reactivity above an isoprene-dominated forest in the southeast United States during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) field campaign. Measured and modeled species account for the vast majority of average daytime reactivity (80–95 %) and a smaller portion of nighttime and early morning reactivity (68–80 %). The largest contribution to total reactivity consistently comes from primary biogenic emissions, with isoprene contributing ∼ 60 % in the afternoon, and ∼ 30–40 % at night and monoterpenes contributing ∼ 15–25 % at night. By comparing total reactivity to the reactivity stemming from isoprene alone, we find that ∼ 20 % of the discrepancy is temporally related to isoprene reactivity, and an additional constant ∼ 1 s−1 offset accounts for the remaining portion. The model typically overestimates measured OVOC concentrations, indicating that unmeasured oxidation products are unlikely to influence measured OH reactivity. Instead, we suggest that unmeasured primary emissions may influence the OH reactivity at this site.
Summary
With global climate change, water scarcity threatens whole agro/ecosystems. The desert moss Syntrichia caninervis, an extremophile, offers novel insights into surviving desiccation and heat. ...The sequenced S. caninervis genome consists of 13 chromosomes containing 16 545 protein‐coding genes and 2666 unplaced scaffolds. Syntenic relationships within the S. caninervis and Physcomitrella patens genomes indicate the S. caninervis genome has undergone a single whole genome duplication event (compared to two for P. patens) and evidence suggests chromosomal or segmental losses in the evolutionary history of S. caninervis. The genome contains a large sex chromosome composed primarily of repetitive sequences with a large number of Copia and Gypsy elements. Orthogroup analyses revealed an expansion of ELIP genes encoding proteins important in photoprotection. The transcriptomic response to desiccation identified four structural clusters of novel genes. The genomic resources established for this extremophile offer new perspectives for understanding the evolution of desiccation tolerance in plants.
Significance Statement
The first reported genome of a desiccation‐tolerant bryophyte, the desert moss Syntrichia caninervis, consists of 13 chromosomes, including a large sex chromosome composed primarily of repetitive sequences, and 16 545 protein‐coding genes. This extremophile’s genome contains 1526 orphan genes, an expansion of photoprotection‐related genes, and four structural clusters of genes important for desiccation tolerance, shedding light on the genomic component of the evolution of desiccation tolerance in land plants.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We present the improved constraints on couplings of solar axions and more generic bosonic dark matter particles using 737.1 kg days of data from the CDEX-1B experiment. The CDEX-1B experiment, ...located at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory, primarily aims at the direct detection of weakly interacting massive particles using a p-type point-contact germanium detector. We adopt the profile likelihood ratio method for analysis of data in the presence of backgrounds. An energy threshold of 160 eV was achieved, much better than the 475 eV of CDEX-1A with an exposure of 335.6 kg days. This significantly improves the sensitivity for the bosonic dark matter below 0.8 keV among germanium detectors. Limits are also placed on the coupling gAe < 2.48 × 10−11 from Compton, bremsstrahlung, atomic-recombination, and deexcitation channels and geffAN × gAe < 4.14 × 10−17 from a 57Fe M1 transition at 90% confidence level.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
To determine the clinical use patterns of control scores for intermittent exotropia. The Newcastle Control Score, Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (PEDIG) score, and Look And Cover, then Ten ...seconds of Observation Scale for Exotropia (LACTOSE) Control Score were developed to quantify control of exodeviations.
A short survey was posted on the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus forum in August and September 2021. Respondents were asked about their assessment of control in intermittent exotropia, including knowledge and use of the various control scales.
One hundred fourteen pediatric ophthalmologists responded; 54.4% (n = 62) reported not using any specific control score for intermittent exotropia, although 61.4% (n = 70) were familiar with the PEDIG score, 37.7% (n = 43) with the Newcastle Control Score, and 7.9% (n = 9) with the LACTOSE Control Score. The PEDIG score was the most widely used (26.3%, n = 30), but 36.7% (n = 11) of respondents reported that the scale is too time-intensive, limiting its use. To improve the use of the control scores, participants recommended promoting wider understanding of the scales (45.6%, n = 52).
Most responding pediatric ophthalmologists do not use a specific control score in managing intermittent exotropia. The PEDIG score is the most frequently used but is reported as time-intensive. Although the LACTOSE Control Score was designed to provide a quicker alternative, it is not widely known. Promoting wider awareness and understanding of intermittent exotropia control scores may be helpful to allow for more objective quantification of control in intermittent exotropia.
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Heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has hindered the development of biomarkers, thus motivating subtyping efforts. Most subtyping studies divide individuals with ASD into nonoverlapping ...(categorical) subgroups. However, continuous interindividual variation in ASD suggests that there is a need for a dimensional approach.
A Bayesian model was employed to decompose resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of individuals with ASD into multiple abnormal RSFC patterns, i.e., categorical subtypes, henceforth referred to as “factors.” Importantly, the model allowed each individual to express one or more factors to varying degrees (dimensional subtyping). The model was applied to 306 individuals with ASD (5.2–57 years of age) from two multisite repositories. Post hoc analyses associated factors with symptoms and demographics.
Analyses yielded three factors with dissociable whole-brain hypo- and hyper–RSFC patterns. Most participants expressed multiple (categorical) factors, suggestive of a mosaic of subtypes within individuals. All factors shared abnormal RSFC involving the default mode network, but the directionality (hypo- or hyper–RSFC) differed across factors. Factor 1 was associated with core ASD symptoms. Factors 1 and 2 were associated with distinct comorbid symptoms. Older male participants preferentially expressed factor 3. Factors were robust across control analyses and were not associated with IQ or head motion.
There exist at least three ASD factors with dissociable whole-brain RSFC patterns, behaviors, and demographics. Heterogeneous default mode network hypo- and hyper–RSFC across the factors might explain previously reported inconsistencies. The factors differentiated between core ASD and comorbid symptoms—a less appreciated domain of heterogeneity in ASD. These factors are coexpressed in individuals with ASD with different degrees, thus reconciling categorical and dimensional perspectives of ASD heterogeneity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Repeated applications of mineral and/or organic fertilizer will probably affect gross nitrogen (N) dynamics in soils in the long term but only a limited number of observations are available. Here we ...present results of a 15N tracing study with soil from the various fertilizer treatments of the Huang‐Huai‐Hai Plain experiment that has been in operation for more than 17 years. Mineral fertilizer in various combinations of N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), organic manure (OM) or a mixture of mineral fertilizer and manure had been repeatedly applied for 17 years. The gross N transformation rates were quantified with a 15N tracing model, which uses a parameter optimization routine based on Bayesian principles. Mineralization of soil organic matter was at least 2.7 times greater in all fertilizer treatments compared with the untreated control (0.67 µg N g−1 day−1). While application of mineral N enhanced mineralization from recalcitrant organic N, the application of organic fertilizers stimulated the mineralization of labile organic N. Gross nitrate (NO3−) production solely resulted from ammonium (NH4+) oxidation. Compared with the gross NO3− production in the control treatment (2.22 µg N g−1 day−1), long‐term N applications stimulated gross nitrification by more than 5.3 times. The largest gaseous N emissions were associated with the organic manure treatments. The ratio of gross NO3− production to total mineral N consumption, a ratio proposed previously to determine potential NO3− loss, was a good indicator except for the treatment without N application. This ratio increased from 0.8 in the control to 2.7 in the mixture of mineral fertilizer and manure treatment. The largest gaseous N emissions (N2O + NO) (P < 0.05) were generally found at greater ratios. Results clearly showed that various fertilizers have a differential effect on N dynamics and potential gaseous N losses in the long term.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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