As the most common nonlinear optical process, second harmonic generation (SHG) has important application value in the field of nanophotonics. With the rapid development of metal nanomaterial ...processing and chemical preparation technology, various structures based on metal nanoparticles have been used to achieve the enhancement and modulation of SHG. In the field of nonlinear optics, plasmonic metal nanostructures have become potential candidates for nonlinear optoelectronic devices because of their highly adjustable physical characteristics. In this article, first, the basic optical principles of SHG and the source of surface symmetry breaking in metal nanoparticles are briefly introduced. Next, the related reports on SHG in metal nanostructures are reviewed from three aspects: the enhancement of SHG efficiency by double resonance structures, the SHG effect based on magnetic resonance and the harmonic energy transfer. Then, the applications of SHG in the sensing, imaging and
in situ
monitoring of metal nanostructures are summarized. Future opportunities for SHG in composite systems composed of metal nanostructures and two-dimensional materials are also proposed.
In this review, the basic principles of plasmon-enhanced SHG, different methods to enhance the SHG intensity of metal nanostructures, and related applications of SHG based on metal nanostructures are introduced.
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Surgery and chemotherapy are the primary treatments for ovarian cancer; however, patients often succumb to recurrence with chemotherapeutic ...resistance within several years after the initial treatment. In the past two decades, immunotherapy has rapidly developed, and has revolutionized the treatment of various types of cancer. Despite the fact that immunotherapy response rates among ovarian cancer patients remain modest, treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)- and TCR-engineered T cells is rapidly developing. Therapeutic efficiency could be improved significantly if immunotherapy is included as an adjuvant therapy, in combination with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and the use of anti-angiogenesis drugs, and poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Newly developed technologies that identify therapeutic targets, predict treatment efficacy, rapidly screen potential immunotherapy drugs, provide neoadjuvant immunotherapy, and utilize nanomedicine technology provide new opportunities for the treatment of ovarian cancer, and have the potential to prolong patient survival. However, important issues that may hinder the efficacy of such approaches, including hyperprogressive disease (HPD), immunotherapy-resistance, and toxicity of the treatments, including neurotoxicity, must be taken into account and addressed for these therapies to be effective.
Abstract
Aims
Rapid over-activation of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) upon stress leads to cardiac inflammation, a prevailing factor that underlies heart injury. However, mechanisms by which acute β-AR ...stimulation induce cardiac inflammation still remain unknown. Here, we set out to identify the crucial role of inflammasome/interleukin (IL)-18 in initiating and maintaining cardiac inflammatory cascades upon β-AR insult.
Methods and results
Male C57BL/6 mice were injected with a single dose of β-AR agonist, isoproterenol (ISO, 5 mg/kg body weight) or saline subcutaneously. Cytokine array profiling demonstrated that chemokines dominated the initial cytokines upregulation specifically within the heart upon β-AR insult, which promoted early macrophage infiltration. Further investigation revealed that the rapid inflammasome-dependent activation of IL-18, but not IL-1β, was the critical up-stream regulator for elevated chemokine expression in the myocardium upon ISO induced β1-AR-ROS signalling. Indeed, a positive correlation was observed between the serum levels of norepinephrine and IL-18 in patients with chest pain. Genetic deletion of IL-18 or the up-stream inflammasome component NLRP3 significantly attenuated ISO-induced chemokine expression and macrophage infiltration. In addition, IL-18 neutralizing antibodies selectively abated ISO-induced chemokines, proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules but not growth factors. Moreover, blocking IL-18 early after ISO treatment effectively attenuated cardiac inflammation and fibrosis.
Conclusion
Inflammasome-dependent activation of IL-18 within the myocardium upon acute β-AR over-activation triggers cytokine cascades, macrophage infiltration and pathological cardiac remodelling. Blocking IL-18 at the early stage of β-AR insult can successfully prevent inflammatory responses and cardiac injuries.
A novel application of sub/supercritical CO2 to decompose halogenated compounds and recover halogen-free products from electronic plastics has been developed.
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•Improved ...sub/supercritical CO2 is highly efficient for halogen-containing plastics disposal.•A complete dehalogenation of bromine and chlorine was achieved without catalysts or additives.•Halogen-free products of carbon materials and chemical feedstocks were obtained.•Decomposition mechanism of complex electronic display housing plastic was better understood.
Electronic display housing plastics contain a high amount of halogenated compounds such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Compared with moderate critical conditions of conventional eco-friendly sub/supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc−CO2), a novel and sustainable procedure by using improved Sc−CO2 was developed for disposal of this type of plastic. The main merit of the process was that complex halogen-containing plastics were safely disposed and halogen-free products were recycled without using catalysts or additives. It was discovered that additive BFRs were initially extracted by Sc−CO2 technique and then it decomposed accompanied with PVC rapidly to form HBr and HCl, which could be separated by traditional bromine stripping techniques from seawater. Based on response surface methodology (RSM), the maximum debromination and dechlorination efficiencies were achieved at 99.51% and 99.12% respectively. After the treatment, halogen-free products such as solid carbon materials and organic chemical feedstocks were obtained. Mechanism study elucidated that free radicals reaction involving chain initiation, growth and termination induced the polymer decomposition to form these products. This study provides an applicable and green approach for disposal and recovery of halogen-containing plastics.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Corrosion of batteries discharged in different solutions was studied in detail.•Developed a more effective and cleaner discharge system.•No corrosion of Fe shim in NaOH + Na2SiO3 ...system.•Corrosion of Al was reduced by>30 times in NaOH + Na2SiO3 system.•The corrosion inhibition system has good applicability to different batteries.
Discharge is an important pretreatment step to avoid thermal runaway of spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) during recycling. At present, chemical discharge is the most researched method to release residual energy of spent LIB. However, the corrosion of battery in the process of chemical discharge has been neglected. In this study, the corrosion of spent LIBs in different electrolyte solutions was studied in detail. The corrosion of battery in traditional electrolyte solution (NaCl, Na2SO4, NaOH, H2SO4) and the changes of ion content in electrolyte solution during discharge were summarized. In addition, a cleaner discharge method was proposed to solve the problem of battery corrosion during discharge. In the NaOH + Na2SiO3 system, the aluminosilicate cementitious formed by aluminum ions and silicates covered the aluminum flake to prevent further corrosion of the aluminum flake, so as to achieve the purpose of corrosion inhibition. The experimental results show that there was no corrosion to Fe shim in the NaOH + Na2SiO3 system, and the content of aluminum ions can be reduced to<30 ppm, which perfectly solved the corrosion problem of the battery during discharge. Furthermore, using this method to discharge the soft-pack spent LIB and the square aluminum shell spent LIB also greatly reduced the corrosion of the battery and achieved an excellent discharge effect. Therefore, a clean and green discharge system was developed in this paper, which was of great significance for the safe and clean recycling of spent LIB.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
An urchin-like La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) perovskite oxide has been synthesized through a co-precipitation method with urea as a precipitator, and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray ...diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET analysis. SEM results show that a micro/nanocomposite with an urchin-like morphology has been obtained. The as-synthesized LSM perovskite oxide has a high specific surface area of 48 m2 g−1. The catalytic activity of the oxide for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 0.1 M KOH solution has been studied by using a rotating-ring-disk electrode (RRDE). In the ORR test, a maximum cathodic current density of 5.2 mA cm−2 at −1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) with 2500 rpm was obtained, and the ORR mainly favors a direct four-electron pathway. The results of anodic linear scanning voltammograms indicate that the urchin-like LSM perovskite oxide exhibits an encouraging catalytic activity for the OER. All electrochemical measurements suggest that the urchin-like LSM perovskite oxide could be used as a bifunctional catalyst for the ORR and the OER.
•Urchin-like La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) perovskite oxide has been synthesized.•Mechanism of the ORR on urchin-like LSM perovskite oxide has been studied.•Urchin-like LSM perovskite oxide is a bifunctional catalyst for the ORR and the OER.•Urchin-like LSM perovskite oxide could be used as a potential catalyst for a lithium-air battery.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is an important player in innate immunity, and recent studies have identified TLR2 as a critical mediator in cardiovascular diseases. Here, we investigated the involvement ...of TLR2 in angiotensin (Ang) II-induced cardiac fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms.
TLR2 knockout (TLR2 KO) mice (B6.129-Tlr2(tm1Kir)/) or wild-type (WT) mice (C57BL/6) treated with neutralizing anti-TLR2 antibody (T2.5) were used. The expression of TLR2 mRNA and protein in the heart was significantly up-regulated on days 1, 3, and 7 after Ang II infusion (1500 ng/kg/min). Enhanced expression of TLR2 was mainly detected in macrophages and neutrophils that had infiltrated into the heart. Both knockout of TLR2 and inhibition of TLR2 by neutralizing antibody ameliorated cardiac fibrosis induced by Ang II. This improvement was associated with a reduction in the infiltration of inflammatory cells, especially macrophages, the production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and the activation of nuclear factor-κB. Bone marrow transplantation experiments between WT and TLR2 KO mice revealed that Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis is mainly mediated by bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells. Mechanically, the deficiency of TLR2 inhibits macrophage-dependent cardiac fibroblast activation through TGFβ/Smad2/3 pathway.
Inhibition of TLR2 protects against Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis by attenuating macrophage recruitment and the inflammatory response in the heart and may be a novel potential therapeutic target for hypertensive heart disease.
We demonstrate a facile and rapid in situ partial oxidation synthetic strategy for the fabrication of a mixed valence state Ce-MOF (MVCM) which exhibits intrinsic oxidase-like activity. Furthermore, ...on the basis of the excellent catalytic activity of the MCVM, a colorimetric approach for the high-throughput detection of biothiols in serum samples was established.
The unit-cell parameter a of antigorite (usually expressed as the polysome m value) has been determined as a function of temperature (T) and pressure (P) in the range of 600-650°C, 25-45 kbar in ...weeklong piston-cylinder experiments. A well-characterized natural antigorite (with m=16 and less abundant m=15) was used as a starting material that coexisted with olivine, chlorite, Ti-humite, and aqueous fluid at run conditions. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurements on selected focused ion beam (FIB) wafers showed that antigorite m values after the experiments varied between 14 and 22. More than 40 punctual analyses for each run condition were acquired to determine the range and the primary m value. The most frequent antigorite m-value decreased systematically from 17-19 at 600°C to 15-16 at 650°C. The spacing of the m-isolines is getting narrower as the antigorite breakdown reaction is approached. The topology of the m-isolines is similar to that previously characterized for the simple MgO-SiO2-H2O (MSH) system. However, the isolines are shifted to about 50-100°C higher temperatures due to the incorporation of Al into antigorite. Powder samples and FIB wafers of natural antigorite from the Tianshan UHP belt (China) with peak metamorphic conditions of ∼35 kbar, ∼520°C were also investigated with TEM. Low Al-antigorite formed at peak metamorphic conditions displays a peak m value of 20-21, whereas high-Al antigorite formed during isothermal decompression displays a lower m value of 19. Combination of our results with the published data of m values from metamorphic antigorite that experienced various conditions allowed construction of a P-T-m diagram that can be used in future studies to better constrain formation conditions of serpentinites. The decrease of m values and the increase of Al in antigorite with increasing temperature result in small, continuous dehydration whereby the H2O content of antigorite changes from 12.4 to 12.1 wt%. Therefore, it is expected that a pore fluid is present during the prograde deformation of serpentinites. TEM observations showed that antigorite adjusted its Al content by segregation of chlorite at the nanoscale. Together with the observation that multiple m values are always present in a single sample, this result indicates that full equilibration of antigorite at the micrometer-scale is rare, with important implications for the interpretation of geochemical signatures obtained by in situ techniques.
Under the goal of global sustainable development, the new energy vehicle industry is evolving rapidly, leading to a proliferation of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The recycling of LIBs is key ...to the sustainable development of the new energy industry, which is consistent with the concept of circular economy as well. And the green extraction of critical metals is the core part of the development. As an alternative to traditional pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, emerging mechanochemical technology provides a new approach for high efficiency and green recycling of critical metals from spent LIBs, as it has the advantages of easy operation, flexibility, and short processing time. This article reviews the state of the art of mechanochemical technology in the recycling of critical metals from spent LIBs. Based on numerous practices, a framework including mechanochemical activation, organic reaction, inorganic reaction, redox reaction, gas-solid reaction, and solid-phase synthesis was constructed. These practices have proved that mechanochemical technology can provide a greener and more sustainable solution for recycling critical metals from spent LIBs. The metals can be transformed into high-value metal products at room temperature and under ordinary pressure, leading to efficient recycling of critical metals and significant reduction of wastes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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