Photocatalysis driven by solar energy is a feasible strategy to alleviate energy crises and environmental problems. In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing advanced ...photocatalysts for efficient solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion. Single‐atom catalysts have the advantages of highly dispersed active sites, maximum atomic utilization, unique coordination environment, and electronic structure, which have become a research hotspot in heterogeneous photocatalysis. This paper introduces the potential supports, preparation, and characterization methods of single‐atom photocatalysts in detail. Subsequently, the fascinating effects of single‐atom photocatalysts on three critical steps of photocatalysis (the absorption of incident light to produce electron‐hole pairs, carrier separation and migration, and interface reactions) are analyzed. At the same time, the applications of single‐atom photocatalysts in energy conversion and environmental protection (CO2 reduction, water splitting, N2 fixation, organic macromolecule reforming, air pollutant removal, and water pollutant degradation) are systematically summarized. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of single‐atom catalysts in heterogeneous photocatalysis are discussed. It is hoped that this work can provide insights into the design, synthesis, and application of single‐atom photocatalysts and promote the development of high‐performance photocatalytic systems.
Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have the maximum atomic utilization, unique coordination environment, and electronic structure, which make them exhibit fascinating performance in the field of heterogeneous photocatalysis. This review summarizes the potential support, preparation, and characterization techniques of SACs. Notably, the unique properties of SACs in photocatalytic reaction and its latest research progress in energy conversion and environmental protection are discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Converting CO2 into value‐added products by photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrocatalysis is a promising method to alleviate the global environmental problems and energy crisis. Among ...the semiconductor materials applied in CO2 catalytic reduction, Cu2O has the advantages of abundant reserves, low price and environmental friendliness. Moreover, Cu2O has unique adsorption and activation properties for CO2, which is conducive to the generation of C2+ products through CC coupling. This review introduces the basic principles of CO2 reduction and summarizes the pathways for the generation of C1, C2, and C2+ products. The factors affecting CO2 reduction performance are further discussed from the perspective of the reaction environment, medium, and novel reactor design. Then, the properties of Cu2O‐based catalysts in CO2 reduction are summarized and several optimization strategies to enhance their stability and redox capacity are discussed. Subsequently, the application of Cu2O‐based catalysts in photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction is described. Finally, the opportunities, challenges and several research directions of Cu2O‐based catalysts in the field of CO2 catalytic reduction are presented, which is guidance for its wide application in the energy and environmental fields is provided.
This review focus on the research progress of Cu2O‐based catalysts applied in photo‐, electro‐, and photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2. The properties of Cu2O‐based catalysts in CO2 reduction and several optimization strategies to enhance its performance are also discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are one type of porous organic materials linked by covalent bonds. COFs materials exhibit many outstanding characteristics such as high porosity, high chemical and ...thermal stability, large specific surface area, efficient electron transfer efficiency, and the ability for predesigned structures. These exceptional advantages enable COFs materials to exhibit remarkable performance in photocatalysis. Additionally, the activity of COFs materials as photocatalysts can be significantly upgraded by ion doping and the formation of heterojunctions. This paper summarizes the latest research progress on COF‐based materials applied in photocatalytic systems. Initially, typical structures and preparation methods of COFs are analyzed and compared. Moreover, the essential principles of photocatalytic reactions over COFs‐based materials and the latest research developments in photocatalytic hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, pollutants elimination, organic transformation, and overall water splitting are indicated. At last, the outlook and challenges of COF‐based materials in photocatalysis are discussed. This review is intended to permit instructive guidance for the efficient use of photocatalysis based on COFs in the future.
In this review, typical structures and preparation methods of covalent organic framework (COFs) are introduced. Subsequently, the essential principles of photocatalytic reactions over COFs‐based materials and the latest research developments in photocatalytic hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, and pollutant elimination are discussed. Finally, challenges and prospects for COFs‐based materials applied in photocatalysis are proposed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease driven by traditional and nontraditional risk factors. Genome-wide association combined with clonal lineage tracing and clinical trials have ...demonstrated that innate and adaptive immune responses can promote or quell atherosclerosis. Several signaling pathways, that are associated with the inflammatory response, have been implicated within atherosclerosis such as NLRP3 inflammasome, toll-like receptors, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, which are of importance for atherosclerosis development and regression. Targeting inflammatory pathways, especially the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and its regulated inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, could represent an attractive new route for the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases. Herein, we summarize the knowledge on cellular participants and key inflammatory signaling pathways in atherosclerosis, and discuss the preclinical studies targeting these key pathways for atherosclerosis, the clinical trials that are going to target some of these processes, and the effects of quelling inflammation and atherosclerosis in the clinic.
We revisit the constraints on inflation models by using the current cosmological observations involving the latest local measurement of the Hubble constant (
H
0
=
73.00
±
1.75
km s
-
1
Mpc
-
1
). ...We constrain the primordial power spectra of both scalar and tensor perturbations with the observational data including the Planck 2015 CMB full data, the BICEP2 and Keck Array CMB B-mode data, the BAO data, and the direct measurement of
H
0
. In order to relieve the tension between the local determination of the Hubble constant and the other astrophysical observations, we consider the additional parameter
N
eff
in the cosmological model. We find that, for the
Λ
CDM
+
r
+
N
eff
model, the scale invariance is only excluded at the 3.3
σ
level, and
Δ
N
eff
>
0
is favored at the 1.6
σ
level. Comparing the obtained 1
σ
and 2
σ
contours of
(
n
s
,
r
)
with the theoretical predictions of selected inflation models, we find that both the convex and the concave potentials are favored at 2
σ
level, the natural inflation model is excluded at more than 2
σ
level, the Starobinsky
R
2
inflation model is only favored at around 2
σ
level, and the spontaneously broken SUSY inflation model is now the most favored model.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Factors shaping the interspecific variations in herbivory have puzzled ecologists for decades and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain interspecific variation in leaf herbivory. In a ...tropical rainforest in Yunnan Province, China, we collected 6732 leaves from 129 species with canopy heights ranging from 1.6 to 65.0 m above the ground. We tested the role of canopy height, the diversity, composition and structural heterogeneity of neighbors and leaf traits in shaping the interspecific variations in herbivory. Results show that leaf herbivory decreased with canopy height and specific leaf area (SLA) and increased with leaf size. However, neighboring species' diversity, composition, and structural heterogeneity showed no association with herbivory. Therefore, neither the visual apparency effect nor the associational resistance effect was detected in this hyperdiverse tropical rainforest. These findings highlight the importance of vertical structure in shaping herbivory patterns in natural communities.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a type of aggressive cancer without clinically relevant molecular subtypes, hindering the development of effective strategies for treatment. To define molecular subtypes of ...EC, we perform mass spectrometry-based proteomic and phosphoproteomics profiling of EC tumors and adjacent non-tumor tissues, revealing a catalog of proteins and phosphosites that are dysregulated in ECs. The EC cohort is stratified into two molecular subtypes-S1 and S2-based on proteomic analysis, with the S2 subtype characterized by the upregulation of spliceosomal and ribosomal proteins, and being more aggressive. Moreover, we identify a subtype signature composed of ELOA and SCAF4, and construct a subtype diagnostic and prognostic model. Potential drugs are predicted for treating patients of S2 subtype, and three candidate drugs are validated to inhibit EC. Taken together, our proteomic analysis define molecular subtypes of EC, thus providing a potential therapeutic outlook for improving disease outcomes in patients with EC.
A photocatalytic system driven by solar light is one of the promising strategies for converting CO2 into valuable energy. The reduction of CO2 to CH4 is widely studied since CH4 has a high energy ...density as the main component of nonrenewable natural gas. Therefore, it is necessary to develop semiconductor materials with high photocatalytic activity and CH4 selectivity. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4/CN) has attracted widespread attention for photocatalytic CO2 reduction due to its excellent redox ability and visible light response. A hybrid system constructed by loading cocatalysts on g-C3N4 can significantly improve the yield of target products, and serve as a general platform to explore the mechanism of the CO2 reduction reaction. Herein, we briefly introduce the theory of selective CO2 photoreduction and the basic properties of cocatalysts. Then, several typical configurations and modification strategies of cocatalyst/CN systems for promoting CH4 selective production are presented in detail. In particular, we systematically summarize the application of cocatalyst/CN composite photocatalysts in the selective reduction of CO2 to methane, according to the classification of cocatalysts (monometal, bimetal, metal-based compound, and nanocarbon materials). Finally, the challenges and perspectives for developing cocatalyst/g-C3N4 systems with high CH4 selectivity are presented to guide the rational design of catalysts with high performance in the future.
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction to valuable fuels is a promising way to alleviate anthropogenic CO2 emissions and energy crises. Perovskite oxides have attracted widespread attention as photocatalysts ...for CO2 reduction by virtue of their high catalytic activity, compositional flexibility, bandgap adjustability, and good stability. In this review, the basic theory of photocatalysis and the mechanism of CO2 reduction over perovskite oxide are first introduced. Then, perovskite oxides' structures, properties, and preparations are presented. In detail, the research progress on perovskite oxides for photocatalytic CO2 reduction is discussed from five aspects: as a photocatalyst in its own right, metal cation doping at A and B sites of perovskite oxides, anion doping at O sites of perovskite oxides and oxygen vacancies, loading cocatalyst on perovskite oxides, and constructing heterojunction with other semiconductors. Finally, the development prospects of perovskite oxides for photocatalytic CO2 reduction are put forward. This article should serve as a useful guide for creating perovskite oxide‐based photocatalysts that are more effective and reasonable.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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