Observing the structure and regeneration of the myelin sheath in peripheral nerves following injury and during repair would help in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of neurological ...diseases caused by an abnormal myelin sheath. In the present study, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and transcriptome analyses were used to investigate the structure and regeneration of the myelin sheath after end-to-end anastomosis, autologous nerve transplantation, and nerve tube transplantation in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury, with normal optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, sciatic nerve, and Schwann cells used as controls. The results suggested that the double-bilayer was the structural unit that constituted the myelin sheath. The major feature during regeneration was the compaction of themyelin sheath, wherein the distance between the 2 layers of cell membrane in the double-bilayer became shorter and the adjacent double-bilayers tightly closed together and formed the major dense line. The expression level of myelin basic protein was positively correlated with the formation of the major dense line, and the compacted myelin sheath could not be formed without the anchoring of the lipophilin particles to the myelin sheath.
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Circulating exosomal microRNAs (exomiR) have been demonstrated to be novel diagnostic biomarkers for various cancers. In this study, we found that circulating exomiR-1229 levels were significantly ...increased in the serum exosomes of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and significantly associated with tumor size, lymphatic metastasis, TNM stage and poor survival. Treatment with siRNA-Drosha, siRNA-ALIX and GW4869 repressed the expression of exomiR-1229 secreted from CRC cells. Both CRC-derived exosomes and exomiR-1229 mimic promoted the tubulogenesis of HUVECs, but transfection with exomiR-1229 inhibitor anta-miR-1229 significantly suppressed tube formation. Subsequently, HIPK2 was identified as a target of exomiR-1229 and responsible for the effect of exomiR-1229 on angiogenesis of HUVECs. ExomiR-1229 inhibited the protein expression of HIPK2, thereby activating VEGF pathway. Finally, anta-miR-1229 effectively inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis in the nude mouse xenograft model. These results highlighted a novel mechanism of CRC angiogenesis and the biological roles of exomiR-1229.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Fabric defect detection plays an important role in the textile production process, but there are still some challenges in detecting defects rapidly and accurately. In this paper, we propose a ...powerful detection method for automatic fabric defect detection using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). It consists of three main steps. First, the fabric image is decomposed into local patches and each local patch is labelled. Then the labelled patches are transmitted to the pretrained deep CNN for transfer learning. Finally, defects are detected during the inspection phase by sliding over the whole image using the trained model, and the category and position of each defect is obtained. The proposed method is validated on two public and one self‐made fabric database. The experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms selected state‐of‐the art methods in terms of both quality and robustness.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Organic ferroelectrics are flexible, lightweight, and bio‐friendly, promising for bio‐harmonized electronic devices, while their ferroelectric lithography remains relatively unexplored. Here, by ...introducing homochirality and ZE photoisomerization, we obtained a pair of organic enantiomorphic ferroelectrics, di(benzylamino)‐substituted derivatives of muconic acids, the first ferroelectrics in the muconic family. Their ferroelectric and chiral features were confirmed by the polarization–electric field hysteresis loops and circular dichroism spectra, respectively. Piezoresponse force microscopy measurements demonstrate that the desired domain structure can be precisely achieved by applying a local electric field on a predefined pattern in their thin films. Moreover, thermogravimetric analyses reveal that their ferroelectricity can persist up to above 550 K. The precise pattern lithography and excellent thermal stability make them competitive candidates for ferroelectric lithography.
A pair of di(benzylamino)‐substituted muconic derived organic enantiomers were discovered as the first muconic‐based ferroelectrics. They show remarkable ferroelectric lithography with the desired domain structure such as the panda‐like one being precisely achieved by applying a local electric field on a predefined pattern in the thin films, which is rarely found in organic ferroelectrics.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A new acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) type nonfullerene acceptor, 3TT‐FIC, which has three fused thieno3,2‐bthiophene as the central core and difluoro substituted indanone as the end groups, is ...designed and synthesized. 3TT‐FIC exhibits broad and strong absorption with extended onset absorption to 995 nm and a low optical bandgap of 1.25 eV. The binary device based on 3TT‐FIC and the polymer PTB7‐Th exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.21% with a high short circuit current density ( Jsc) of 25.89 mA cm−2. To fine‐tune the morphology and make full use of the visible region sunlight, phenyl‐C71‐butyricacid‐methyl ester (PC71BM) is used as the third component to fabricate ternary devices. In contrast to the binary devices, the ternary blend organic solar cells show significantly enhanced EQE ranging from 300 to 700 nm and thus an improved Jsc with a high value of 27.73 mA cm−2. A high PCE with a value of 13.54% is achieved for the ternary devices, which is one of the highest efficiencies in single junction organic solar cells reported to date. The results provide valuable insight for the ternary devices in which the external quantum efficiency (EQE) induced by the third component is evidently observed and directly contributed to the enhancement of the device efficiency.
The nonfullerene acceptor 3TT‐FIC, which has an absorption range up to 950 nm, is designed and synthesized. A binary device based on 3TT‐FIC and the polymer PTB7‐Th gives a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.21%. The PCE is further improved to 13.54% using a ternary device by incorporating PC71BM, which is one of highest efficiencies reported to date for organic photovoltaics (OPV).
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Most patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) do not respond to anti-PD1/PDL1 immunotherapy, indicating the necessity to explore immune checkpoint targets. B7H3 is a highly glycosylated ...protein. However, the mechanisms of B7H3 glycosylation regulation and whether the sugar moiety contributes to immunosuppression are unclear. Here, we identify aberrant B7H3 glycosylation and show that N-glycosylation of B7H3 at NXT motif sites is responsible for its protein stability and immunosuppression in TNBC tumors. The fucosyltransferase FUT8 catalyzes B7H3 core fucosylation at N-glycans to maintain its high expression. Knockdown of FUT8 rescues glycosylated B7H3-mediated immunosuppressive function in TNBC cells. Abnormal B7H3 glycosylation mediated by FUT8 overexpression can be physiologically important and clinically relevant in patients with TNBC. Notably, the combination of core fucosylation inhibitor 2F-Fuc and anti-PDL1 results in enhanced therapeutic efficacy in B7H3-positive TNBC tumors. These findings suggest that targeting the FUT8-B7H3 axis might be a promising strategy for improving anti-tumor immune responses in patients with TNBC.
The photoinduced dynamic behavior of flexible materials has received considerable attention for potential applications, such as in data storage or as smart optical devices and molecular mechanical ...actuators. Until now, precisely controlling expansion and contraction with light has remained a challenge. Unraveling the detailed mechanisms of photoinduced structural transformations remains a critical step necessary to understand the molecular architecture necessary for the design of sensitive photomechanical actuators. Herein, a two‐dimensional flexible metal–organic framework Zn2(bdc)2(3‐CH3‐spy)2⋅H2O (Zn2‐1; H2bdc=1,4‐benzenedicaboxylic acid; 3‐CH3‐spy=3‐methylstyrylpyridine) with a positive volumetric thermal expansion coefficient of +78.78×10−6 K−1 is reported. Upon light irradiation at different wavelengths, the MOF underwent a 2+2 cycloaddition, which afforded a family of isomeric, three‐dimensional MOFs (Zn2‐2 n, n=a–d) in a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) manner. An unprecedented phenomenon, that is, photoinduced nonlinear contraction (PINC), was observed during this conversion. The PINC is caused by conformational changes in the 3‐CH3‐spy and bdc2− ligands, the bending of metal–ligand bonds, and the local distortion of the paddle‐wheel SBUs. The formation of a “wrinkle morphology” on the crystal surface after the photoreaction was observed by AFM. This PINC behavior can broaden the studies on materials expansion and offer a photodriven approach for the future design of supersensitive photomechanical actuators.
A 2D hinge‐like MOF, Zn2‐1, with an anisotropic PTE behavior was rationally designed, and showed a photoinduced nonlinear contraction (PINC) phenomenon with different degrees of expansion depending on the excitation wavelength due to 2+2 cycloaddition.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
It is a great challenge to simultaneously improve the two tangled parameters, open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current density (Jsc) for organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, such a ...challenge is addressed by a synergistic approach using fine‐tuning molecular backbone and morphology control simultaneously by a simple yet effective side chain modulation on the backbone of an acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A)‐type acceptor. With this, two terthieno3,2‐bthiophene (3TT) based A–D–A‐type acceptors, 3TT‐OCIC with backbone modulation and 3TT‐CIC without such modification, are designed and synthesized. Compared with the controlled molecule 3TT‐CIC, 3TT‐OCIC shows power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.13% with improved Voc of 0.69 V and Jsc of 27.58 mA cm−2, corresponding to PCE of 12.15% with Voc of 0.65 V and Jsc of 27.04 mA cm−2 for 3TT‐CIC–based device. Furthermore, with effective near infrared absorption, 3TT‐OCIC is used as the rear subcell acceptor in a tandem device and gave an excellent PCE of 15.72%.
A simple yet effective side chain modulation on the backbone for obtaining both enhanced Voc and Jsc simultaneously is demonstrated in this work. Compared with the controlled molecule 3TT‐CIC, 3TT‐OCIC showed PCE of 13.13% with improved Voc of 0.69 V and Jsc of 27.58 mA cm−2, and the tandem device gives an excellent efficiency of 15.72%.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Ferroelectric lithography, which can purposefully control and pattern ferroelectric domains in the micro‐/nanometer scale, has extensive applications in data memories, field‐effect transistors, ...race‐track memory, tunneling barriers, and integrated biochemical sensors. In pursuit of mechanical flexibility and light weight, organic ferroelectric polymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) are developed; however, they still suffer from complicated stretching processes of film fabrication and poor degradability. These poor features severely hinder their applications. Here, the ferroelectric lithography on the biocompatible and biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) thin films at room temperature is demonstrated. The semicrystalline PLA thin film can be easily fabricated through the melt‐casting method, and the desired domain structures can be precisely written according to the predefined patterns. Most importantly, the coercive voltage (Vc) of PLA thin film is relatively low (lower than 30 V) and can be further reduced with the decrease of the film thickness. These intriguing behaviors combined with satisfying biodegradability make PLA thin film a desirable candidate for ferroelectric lithography and enable its future application in the field of bioelectronics and biomedicine. This work sheds light on further exploration of ferroelectric lithography on other polymer ferroelectrics as well as their application as nanostructured devices.
Ferroelectric lithography—a technique that can precisely pattern the ferroelectric domain in the micro‐ and nanometer scale in accordance with the predefined pattern—is observed on the semicrystalline biomaterial poly(lactic acid) thin films fabricated with a simple melt‐casting method, providing new possibility for their applications as high‐precision ferroelectric memory.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Colorimetric sensors have been widely used to detect numerous analytes due to their cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity and specificity, and clear visibility, even with the naked eye. In recent ...years, the emergence of advanced nanomaterials has greatly improved the development of colorimetric sensors. This review focuses on the recent (from the years 2015 to 2022) advances in the design, fabrication, and applications of colorimetric sensors. First, the classification and sensing mechanisms of colorimetric sensors are briefly described, and the design of colorimetric sensors based on several typical nanomaterials, including graphene and its derivatives, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, DNA nanomaterials, quantum dots, and some other materials are discussed. Then the applications, especially for the detection of metallic and non-metallic ions, proteins, small molecules, gas, virus and bacteria, and DNA/RNA are summarized. Finally, the remaining challenges and future trends in the development of colorimetric sensors are also discussed.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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