Due to the rapid expanding of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), the projectfed demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is huge and ...might result in supply risks for natural lithium-containing reserves. After the service life, spent LIBs continuously accumulate in the market, and they are excellent secondary resources for lithium recovery. To alleviate resource shortage and to decrease potential environmental pollution caused by improper solid waste disposal, recycling of spent LIBs is motivated world widely in recent years. Previous studies have usually focused on the recovery of cobalt and nickel, which create high economic benefit. Recovery of lithium, however, has not been highlighted. In this article, state-of-the-art on spent LIBs recycling is discussed with emphasis on lithium recovery. In addition to understanding underlying mechanisms and physiochemistry features of various recycling methods, the possibility for industrial realization of each method is also evaluated. The complex processing steps limit the industrial implementation of hydrometallurgy-dominant methods, which usually reclaim lithium in the last step, resulting in a poor recovery efficiency of lithium. The pyrometallurgy-dominant approach is readily to scale up but lithium is lost in the slag phase. Therefore, the mild recycling (cleaner production) methods are recommended for future study since they take advantages of traditional pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, and could decrease treatment temperature as well as acid/alkaline usage.
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•More efforts are appealed to recycle electrolyte with respect to lithium recovery.•Lithium is usually the last metal to recycle in hydrometallurgical methods.•Pyrometallurgical methods should decrease lithium lost and energy consumption.•External field assisted pyro combined with hydro methods are promising.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Photocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a potential clean method, but the long distance between the oxidation and reduction sites in photocatalysts hinders the rapid transfer of ...photogenerated charges, limiting the improvement of its performance. Here, a metal‐organic cage photocatalyst, Co14(L−CH3)24, is constructed by directly coordinating metal sites (Co sites) used for the O2 reduction reaction (ORR) with non‐metallic sites (imidazole sites of ligands) used for the H2O oxidation reaction (WOR), which shortens the transport path of photogenerated electrons and holes, and improves the transport efficiency of charges and activity of the photocatalyst. Therefore, it can be used as an efficient photocatalyst with a rate of as high as 146.6 μmol g−1 h−1 for H2O2 production under O2‐saturated pure water without sacrificial agents. Significantly, the combination of photocatalytic experiments and theoretical calculations proves that the functionalized modification of ligands is more conducive to adsorbing key intermediates (*OH for WOR and *HOOH for ORR), resulting in better performance. This work proposed a new catalytic strategy for the first time; i.e., to build a synergistic metal‐nonmetal active site in the crystalline catalyst and use the host–guest chemistry inherent in the metal‐organic cage (MOC)to increase the contact between the substrate and the catalytically active site, and finally achieve efficient photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis.
Two stable CoII‐based metal‐organic cages are efficient catalysts for photocatalytic synthesis of H2O2 in pure water and O2 or air atmospheres. The metal‐nonmetal active site operates synergistically during photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis and the reaction substrate can more fully contact the catalytically active site through host–guest chemistry of cages, ultimately achieving a high H2O2 production rate.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Research on new energy storage technologies has been sparked by the energy crisis, greenhouse effect, and air pollution, leading to the continuous development and commercialization of electrochemical ...energy storage batteries. Accordingly, as lithium secondary batteries gradually enter their retirement period, achieving their efficient and green recycling is not only a strategic requirement for the development of an ecological civilization but also a practical assurance for the secure supply of resources. Herein, we provide a comprehensive explanation of the current lithium secondary battery recycling techniques using the organic tetrahedron of structure-recycle-property-application. In addition, we evaluate the highly promising new generation of future energy storage batteries from multiple dimensions and propose possible recycling technologies based on the current state of lithium-ion battery recycling and recycling theory. Finally, the challenges and future directions for the advancement of key material recycling technologies for lithium secondary batteries and highly promising next-generation batteries with applications are outlined, geared toward initiatives to shift to carbon neutrality.
Research on new energy storage technologies has been sparked by the energy crisis, greenhouse effect, and air pollution, leading to the continuous development and commercialization of electrochemical energy storage batteries.
Lianas exhibit peak abundance in tropical forests with strong seasonal droughts, the eco‐physiological mechanisms associated with lianas coping with water deficits are poorly understood. We examined ...soil water partitioning, sap flow, and canopy eco‐physiological properties for 99 individuals of 15 liana and 34 co‐occurring tree species in three tropical forests that differed in soil water availability. In the dry season, lianas used a higher proportion of deep soil water in the karst forest (KF; an area with severe seasonal soil water deficit (SSWD)) and in the tropical seasonal forest (TSF, moderate SSWD), permitting them to maintain a comparable leaf water status than trees in the TSF or a better status than trees in the KF. Lianas exhibited strong stomatal control to maximize carbon fixation while minimizing dry season water loss. During the dry period, lianas significantly decreased water consumption in the TSF and the KF. Additionally, lianas had a much higher maximum photosynthetic rates and sap flux density in the wet season and a lower proportional decline in photosynthesis in the dry season compared with those of trees. Our results indicated that access to deep soil water and strong physiological adjustments in the dry season together with active wet‐season photosynthesis may explain the high abundance of lianas in seasonally dry forests.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Vulnerability curves (VCs) describe the loss of hydraulic conductance against increasing xylem tension, providing valuable insights about the response of plant water transport to water ...stress. Techniques to construct VCs have been developed and modified continuously, but controversies continue.
We compared VCs constructed using the bench‐top dehydration (BD), air‐injection‐flow (AI), pneumatic‐air‐discharge (PAD), optical (OP) and X‐ray‐computed microtomography (MicroCT) methods for tropical trees and lianas with contrasting vessel lengths.
The PAD method generated highly vulnerable VCs, the AI method intermediate VCs, whereas the BD, OP and MicroCT methods produced comparable and more resistant VCs. Vessel‐length and diameter accounted for the overestimation ratio of vulnerability estimated using the AI but not the PAD method. Compared with directly measured midday embolism levels, the PAD and AI methods substantially overestimated embolism, whereas the BD, MicroCT and OP methods provided more reasonable estimations.
Cut‐open vessels, uncertainties in maximum air volume estimations, sample‐length effects, tissue cracks and shrinkage together may impede the reliability of the PAD method. In conclusion, we validate the BD, OP and MicroCT methods for tropical plants, whereas the PAD and AI need further mechanistic testing. Therefore, applications of VCs in estimating plant responses to drought need to be cautious.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•In mature growth tropical rainforests there is spatial variation in liana community dynamics, mostly driven by mortality.•Liana recruitment was positively related to fast water use ...trait values, better light condition, and phosphorus-rich soil conditions.•Liana growth rate was increased with higher elevation and better soil water availability.•Liana mortality was driven by biotic characteristics, and increased with more carbon acquisitive trait values.•Functional properties are more important than the environment in shaping liana community dynamics.
Lianas have a major influence on community and ecosystem processes in tropical forests, but their dynamics and underlying drivers have rarely been assessed. This study evaluates which demographic processes underlie liana community change and how these demographic processes are driven by abiotic factors (light gaps, soil nutrients, soil water availability, and topography), and biotic factors such as competition by life forms (liana and tree basal area) and the functional properties of the liana community. In a tropical rainforest in Southwest China > 20,000 liana individuals were monitored in 20 1-ha plots and for each plot, average trait values of the liana community were determined for eighteen functional traits that are important for plant performance. Across the 20 plots, changes in liana density were more strongly driven by mortality than by recruitment. Liana recruitment and mortality were driven by biotic factors, especially the functional properties. Liana mortality was higher for acquisitive communities, possibly because of strong competition amongst fast-growing liana species and the short lifespan of pioneers. Liana growth was driven by abiotic factors and increased with elevation and soil water availability. Hence, liana community dynamics are shaped by mortality, and functional properties are more important than the environment. Simultaneously testing the roles of multiple environmental factors and inherent plant characteristics yields better insights into the mechanisms underlying community dynamics.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
7.
Remaining uncertainties in the Pneumatic method Chen, Ya‐Jun; Maenpuen, Phisamai; Zhang, Jiao‐Lin ...
New phytologist,
January 2023, 2023-01-00, 20230101, Volume:
237, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim: The productivity, functioning and biogeochemical cycles of terrestrial ecosystems are strongly affected by leaf element concentrations. Understanding the biological and ecological factors ...affecting leaf element concentrations is therefore important for modelling the productivity and nutrient fluxes of ecosystems and their responses to global change. The present study aimed to determine how leaf element concentrations are linked to taxonomy and the environment. Location: China. Methods: The concentrations of 10 leaf elements of 702 terrestrial plant species from different biomes were extracted from publications. The links between environmental variables, taxonomy and leaf elements were analyzed using phylogenetically comparative methods and partial Mantel tests. Results: Taxonomy had stronger effects on leaf S and SiO 2 than latitude, explaining 40.2—43.9% of total variation, whereas latitude had stronger effects on leaf N, P, K, Fe, Al, Mn, Na and Ca concentrations, explaining 19.5—52.1% of total variation. Leaf N, S, Al, Fe and Na concentrations were correlated with mean annual precipitation (MAP), while leaf N, P and Fe concentrations were correlated with mean annual temperature (MAT). Latitude, MAP and MAT were significantly correlated with the first axis of a principal components analysis (PCA). This first axis was associated with leaf elements involved in protein synthesis and photosynthesis. The other PCA axes, which were not correlated with MAT, latitude and MAP, were associated with leaf elements responsible for cell structure and enzymes. Main conclusions: Leaf element concentrations of terrestrial plants in China were correlated with climate, latitude and taxonomy. With the exception of S and SiO 2 , the environmental factors were more important in explaining leaf element variation than taxonomy. Therefore, changes in temperature and precipitation will directly affect the spatial patterns of leaf elements and thus the associated nutrient fluxes and ecosystem functioning.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Global change is impacting forests worldwide, leading to shifts in forest dynamics and functional composition. We evaluated the changes in the liana community and trait composition over a five‐year ...period (2014–2019) in a Chinese tropical rainforest and assessed the underlying putative mechanisms. We monitored >20,000 lianas in a 20‐ha plot, and analyzed community changes for each of the 20 1‐ha plots. To identify the putative drivers underlying community change, we used community‐weighted mean (CWM) trait values of 18 functional traits that are important for liana performance. During the 5‐year period, liana density decreased by 12.6% because of the high mortality of small lianas, whereas liana basal area increased by 5.8% because of the high growth of large lianas. After 5 years, liana communities showed a shift in trait values indicating that they changed towards more large, acquisitive lianas with rapid water use. The temporal shift from slow to fast community trait spectra in carbon, nutrient, and water use was also supported by shifts in the individual CWM traits, from conservative tough leaves towards more acquisitive and water‐spending leaves with higher K concentration, leaf thickness, and vessel diameter. Overall, we found no support for a role of disturbances or drought as drivers of the observed changes in the studied liana community. Instead, our study implies that CO2 fertilization should be considered to better understand dynamics in liana communities in tropical forests.
in Chinese is available with online material.
摘要
全球变化正在影响全球的森林，导致森林动态和功能组成发生变化。本研究评估了中国西双版纳热带雨林中的木质藤本在2014年至2019年间的群落动态和功能性状变化，并讨论了其潜在的驱动机制。在一个20公顷的动态监测样地中，监测了超过20,000 棵藤本个体，并分析了20个1公顷小样方的群落变化。为了确定导致群落变化的潜在驱动因素，我们使用了18个对木质藤本种群变化至关重要的功能性状的群落加权平均值(CWM)。研究发现，在研究时间尺度内(2014–2019)，由于小径级木质藤本的高死亡率导致总体密度减少了12.6%。与此同时，由于大径级木质藤本的增，木质藤本的基面积增加了5.8%。这一现象表明，木质藤本群落正处于演替阶段，趋向于普遍使用快速资源获取和水分获取策略。功能性状的群落加权分析也印证了在养分获取和水分利用方面，该样地的木质藤本从也是从相对保守的资源获取策略向快速资源获取转变。因为该样地的木质藤本变得具有更高的叶片K含量、叶片厚度和导管直径。总体而言，我们没有发现干扰或干旱作为导致木质藤群落变化的驱动因素的证据支持。相反，我们的研究暗示二氧化碳施肥效应该被考虑进来，以更好地理解热带森林中木质藤本群落的动态。.
Liana communities showed a shift in trait values indicating that they changed towards more large, acquisitive lianas with rapid water use. There are more larger stems through time due to the relatively low mortality of the larger individuals, which is associated with relatively low levels of disturbance.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Mistletoes play important roles in biogeochemical cycles. Although many studies have compared nutrient concentrations between mistletoes and their hosts, no general patterns have been found ...and the nutrient uptake mechanisms in mistletoes have not been fully resolved.
To address the water and nutrient relations in mistletoes compared with their hosts, we measured 11 nutrient elements, two isotope ratios and two leaf morphological traits for 11 mistletoe and 104 host species from four sites across a large environmental gradient in southwest China.
Mistletoes had significantly higher phosphorus, potassium, and boron concentrations, nitrogen isotope ratio, and lower carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) indicative of lower water‐use efficiency than hosts, but other elements were similar to those in hosts. Sites explained most of the variation in the multidimensional trait space. With increasing host nitrogen concentration, both mistletoe δ13C and the difference between mistletoe and host δ13C increased, providing evidence to support the ‘nitrogen parasitism hypothesis’. Host nutrient concentrations were the best predictors for that of the mistletoe nutrient elements in most cases.
Our results highlight the important roles of environmental conditions and host nutrient status in determining mistletoe nutrient pools, which together explain their trophic interactions with hosts in subtropical and tropical ecosystems.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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