A novel coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-emerged in humans in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has since disseminated globally
. As of April 16, 2020, the ...confirmed case count of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had surpassed 2 million. Based on full-genome sequence analysis, SARS-CoV-2 shows high homology to SARS-related coronaviruses identified in horseshoe bats
. Here we show the establishment and characterization of expandable intestinal organoids derived from horseshoe bats of the Rhinolophus sinicus species that can recapitulate bat intestinal epithelium. These bat enteroids are fully susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and sustain robust viral replication. Development of gastrointestinal symptoms in some patients with COVID-19 and detection of viral RNA in fecal specimens suggest that SARS-CoV-2 might cause enteric, in addition to respiratory, infection
. Here we demonstrate active replication of SARS-CoV-2 in human intestinal organoids and isolation of infectious virus from the stool specimen of a patient with diarrheal COVID-19. Collectively, we established the first expandable organoid culture system of bat intestinal epithelium and present evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect bat intestinal cells. The robust SARS-CoV-2 replication in human intestinal organoids suggests that the human intestinal tract might be a transmission route of SARS-CoV-2.
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FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In this study, a green process with prospective environmental and economic significance has been experimentally and theoretically established for the sustainable recovery of metals from spent ...lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Three leaching systems were explored for the application of different biomass as reductants. According to leaching results, H3Cit (citric acid) and tea waste and H3Cit/H2O2 systems reveal similar leaching abilities (96% Co and 98% Li; 98% Co and 99% Li, respectively), while the H3Cit/Phytolacca Americana system shows inferior leaching performance (83% Co and 96% Li) under the optimized conditions. Tentative exploration of oxidation mechanism for different biomass indicates that potential reducing substances contained in biomass can be employed as efficient reductants during leaching. Then both metal ions and waste citric acid can be simultaneously recovered by selective precipitation. About 99% Co and 93% Li could be recovered as CoC2O4·2H2O and Li3PO4, and the recycled citric acid demonstrates similar leaching capability as fresh acid according to circulatory leaching experiments. Finally, solution chemistry theory and waste stream analysis were investigated to provide theoretical foundation for the recovery process.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
The amount, frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation over Xinjiang have increased dramatically under the wetting trend in Northwest China, but long‐term trends in the precipitation‐recycling ...process remain largely unexplored. Based on dynamic recycling model and MERRA2 reanalysis, we revealed a mean recycling ratio for extreme precipitation in Xinjiang of 42.3% with a growth rate of 2.3% decade−1 during 1982–2019. The increasing trend of extreme precipitation was almost equally attributed to increased recycling precipitation (49%) and external precipitation (51%). The extreme precipitation in Xinjiang exhibited two peak centers, the Tianshan Mountains region (TS) and Kunlun Mountains region (KL), highlighting variations in the water cycle. Specifically, the external cycle predominated the increased extreme precipitation in TS (61%), while the recycling process mainly influenced the increase in KL (67%) due to markedly enhanced evapotranspiration. Moisture source attribution further proved the crucial role of evapotranspiration from Xinjiang and its vicinity in extreme precipitation.
Plain Language Summary
Local evapotranspiration is essential for precipitation over arid and semiarid regions, which can be evaluated via the precipitation recycling process. To date, studies investigating the precipitation‐recycling process over Xinjiang have primarily focused on general precipitation, but long‐term trends in the precipitation‐recycling process during extreme precipitation events remain largely unexplored. In this study, we used a dynamic recycling model and revealed that the recycling process accounted for 42.3% of extreme precipitation in climatology and increased by 2.3% decade−1 during 1982–2019. The ascending trend of extreme precipitation over Xinjiang was almost equally attributed to increased recycling precipitation and external precipitation. However, there are regional differences in the dominant factor. Specifically, the Tianshan Mountains region was predominated by the external water cycle, while Kunlun Mountains region was mainly determined by the recycling process. Considering precipitation and evapotranspiration along the moisture trajectory, we further showed that the majority of moisture responsible for extreme precipitation in Xinjiang came from this locality and surrounding area. These findings indicate that the recycling process plays a crucial role in the formation of extreme precipitation in Xinjiang, and a deeper understanding of its changing mechanisms can help reduce the flood risks caused by extreme precipitation.
Key Points
The mean recycling ratio of extreme precipitation in Xinjiang was 42.3%, with an increasing trend of 2.3% decade−1
Recycling and external precipitation contributed 49% and 51% to the growing trend of extreme precipitation in Xinjiang, respectively
The recycling process (external process) dominated the increased extreme precipitation in the Kunlun (Tianshan) Mountains
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
African swine fever virus (ASFV), the etiological agent of African swine fever (ASF), a hemorrhagic fever of domestic pigs, has devastating consequences for the pig farming industry. More than ...1,000,000 pigs have been slaughtered since 3 August 2018 in China. However, vaccines or drugs for ASF have yet to be developed. As such, a rapid test that can accurately detect ASFV on-site is important to the timely implementation of control measures. In this study, we developed a rapid test that combines recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) of the ASFV p72 gene with lateral flow detection (LFD). Results showed that the sensitivity of recombinase polymerase amplification with lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) for ASFV was 150 copies per reaction within 10 min at 38°C. The assay was highly specific to ASFV and had no cross-reactions with other porcine viruses, including classical swine fever virus (CSFV). A total of 145 field samples were examined using our method, and the agreement of the positive rate between RPA-LFD (10/145) and real-time PCR (10/145) was 100%. Overall, RPA-LFD provides a novel alternative for the simple, sensitive, and specific identification of ASFV and showed potential for on-site ASFV detection.
Heterostructures based on graphene and other 2D atomic crystals exhibit fascinating properties and intriguing potential in flexible optoelectronics, where graphene films function as transparent ...electrodes and other building blocks are used as photoactive materials. However, large‐scale production of such heterostructures with superior performance is still in early stages. Herein, for the first time, the preparation of a submeter‐sized, vertically stacked heterojunction of lead iodide (PbI2)/graphene on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film by vapor deposition of PbI2 on graphene/PET substrate at a temperature lower than 200 °C is demonstrated. This film is subsequently used to fabricate bendable graphene/PbI2/graphene sandwiched photodetectors, which exhibit high responsivity (45 A W−1 cm−2), fast response (35 µs rise, 20 µs decay), and high‐resolution imaging capability (1 µm). This study may pave a facile pathway for scalable production of high‐performance flexible devices.
Epitaxial growth of 2D PbI2 crystals on a graphene film is reported using a low‐temperature vapor deposition method with a lattice matching design. After a simple one‐step transfer and encapsulation, a graphene/PbI2/graphene sandwich structure is obtained and fabricated into an ultrathin device with a good flexibility for photodetection and imaging.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Heat stress seriously threatens the growth of
. Various studies have been performed to study the resistance of
to heat stress. Here, the metabolome was evaluated to determine the response of
mycelia ...to heat stress at different times (6, 12, 24, 48 h). More than 70 differential metabolites were detected and enriched in their metabolic pathways. Dynamic metabolites changes in enrichment pathways under heat stress showed that heat stress enhanced the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids and nucleotides, increased the content of amino acids and vitamins, and accelerated glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in
. The time course changes of
metabolites under continuous heat stress demonstrated that amino acids continuously changed with heat stress, nucleotides clearly changed with heat stress at 12 and 48 h, and lipids exhibited an increasing trend with prolonged heat stress, while few types saccharides and vitamins changed under heat stress. Additionally, heat-treated
produced salicylic acid and other stress-resistant substances that were reported in plants. This study first reported the metabolites changes in
mycelia during 48 h of heat stress. The metabolic pathways and substances that changed with heat stress in this research will aid future studies on the resistance of
and other edible fungi to heat stress.
Trichoderma asperellum is one of the species which can be isolated from contaminated Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation substrate with green mold disease. This study focused on the relationship between ...high temperature and infectivity of T. asperellum to P. ostreatus. Antagonism experiments between T. asperellum and P. ostreatus mycelia revealed that high temperature-treated P. ostreatus mycelia were more easily infected by T. asperellum and covered by conidia. Microscopic observation also showed that P. ostreatus mycelia treated with high temperature could adsorb more T. asperellum conidia. Furthermore, conidia obtained from T. asperellum mycelia grown at 36°C featured higher germination rate compared with that incubated at 28°C. High temperature-treated T. asperellum mycelia can produce conidia in shorter periods, and T. asperellum mycelia were less sensitive to high temperature than P. ostreatus. Deactivated P. ostreatus mycelia can induce T. asperellum cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and P. ostreatus mycelia subjected to high temperature showed induced CWDEs more effective than those incubated at 28°C. Moreover, T. asperellum showed higher CWDEs activity at high temperature. In dual cultures, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increased after 36°C, and high concentration of H2O2 could significantly inhibit the growth of P. ostreatus mycelia. In summary, our findings indicated for the first time that high temperature can induce a series of mechanisms to enhance infection abilities of T. asperellum to P. ostreatus mycelia and to cause Pleurotus green mold disease.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
High temperature is a major threat to
Pleurotus ostreatus
cultivation. In this study, a potential mechanism by which
P. ostreatus
mycelia growth is inhibited under heat stress was explored. Lactate, ...as a microbial fermentation product, was found unexpectedly in the mycelia of
P. ostreatus
under heat stress, and the time-dependent accumulation and corresponding inhibitory effect of lactate on mycelial growth was further confirmed. The addition of a glycolysis inhibitor,
2
-deoxy-
d
-glucose (2DG), reduced the lactate content in mycelia and slightly restored mycelial growth under high-temperature conditions, which indicated the accumulation of lactate can be inhibited by glycolysis inhibition. Further data revealed mitochondrial dysfunction under high-temperature conditions, with evidence of decreased oxygen consumption and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). The removal of ROS with ascorbic acid decreased the lactate content, and mycelial growth recovered to a certain extent, indicating lactate accumulation could be affected by the mitochondrial ROS. Moreover, metabolic data showed that glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were enhanced. This study reported the accumulation of lactate in
P. ostreatus
mycelia under heat stress and the inhibitory effect of lactate on the growth of mycelia, which might provide further insights into the stress response mechanism of edible fungi.
Key Points
•
Lactate can accumulate in Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia under heat stress and inhibit its growth.
•
The accumulation of lactate may be due to the acceleration of glycolysis and the dysfunction of mitochondria of P. ostreatus mycelia under high-temperature stress.
•
The glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle of P. ostreatus mycelia were accelerated under high-temperature stress.
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CEKLJ, DOBA, EMUNI, FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of SARS-CoV-2 emerged in November 2021 and is rapidly spreading among the human population
. Although recent reports reveal that the Omicron variant robustly escapes ...vaccine-associated and therapeutic neutralization antibodies
, the pathogenicity of the virus remains unknown. Here we show that the replication of Omicron is substantially attenuated in human Calu3 and Caco2 cells. Further mechanistic investigations reveal that Omicron is inefficient in its use of transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) compared with wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (HKU-001a) and previous variants, which may explain its reduced replication in Calu3 and Caco2 cells. The replication of Omicron is markedly attenuated in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of infected K18-hACE2 mice compared with that of the wild-type strain and Delta (B.1.617.2) variant, resulting in its substantially ameliorated lung pathology. Compared with wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (1.351) and Delta variants, infection by Omicron causes the lowest reduction in body weight and the lowest mortality rate. Overall, our study demonstrates that the replication and pathogenicity of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in mice is attenuated compared with the wild-type strain and other variants.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Up to date, effective antivirals have not been widely available for treating COVID-19. In this study, we identify a dual-functional cross-linking peptide 8P9R which can inhibit the two entry pathways ...(endocytic pathway and TMPRSS2-mediated surface pathway) of SARS-CoV-2 in cells. The endosomal acidification inhibitors (8P9R and chloroquine) can synergistically enhance the activity of arbidol, a spike-ACE2 fusion inhibitor, against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in cells. In vivo studies indicate that 8P9R or the combination of repurposed drugs (umifenovir also known as arbidol, chloroquine and camostat which is a TMPRSS2 inhibitor), simultaneously interfering with the two entry pathways of coronaviruses, can significantly suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication in hamsters and SARS-CoV in mice. Here, we use drug combination (arbidol, chloroquine, and camostat) and a dual-functional 8P9R to demonstrate that blocking the two entry pathways of coronavirus can be a promising and achievable approach for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication in vivo. Cocktail therapy of these drug combinations should be considered in treatment trials for COVID-19.
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