Oxidative stress is the main reason for inducing cell apoptosis, tissue damage and pathological changes in the body. Antioxidants can be taken to eliminate radicals and reduce the incidence of ...hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Food-derived antioxidant peptides are prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of edible protein. Because of its small molecular weight, high antioxidant activity, and strong safety characteristics, it has gradually become a safe and effective antioxidant.
This article provides a detailed and up-to-date review of food-derived antioxidant peptides from their preparation, activity evaluation, transport and absorption, mechanism of action, and antioxidant-mediated functional activities. In addition, this review emphasizes multiple targeted regulatory pathways of antioxidant peptides to clarify how they exert their mediated functional activity.
Antioxidant peptides from different sources may have different biological activities and targeting functions due to their natural ingredients and preparation methods. The properties of the polypeptide can be improved by adjusting the parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition, PEF and Maillard reaction treatment can also enhance the activity of food-derived peptides. The antioxidant mechanism of food-derived peptides can be divided into three types, regulating the production of ROS, regulating enzyme activity, and regulating the antioxidant pathway. Our review especially describes the regulation and molecular mechanisms of Keap1-Nrf2-ARE, NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Finally, peptides may act on multiple pathways simultaneously to exert their antioxidant-mediated functional activities. Nowadays, food-derived antioxidant peptides have become a new research direction in functional foods, and have broad prospects. However, how to use food-derived antioxidant peptides that gradually replace synthetic antioxidants requires further research.
•Physical and chemical modifications can improve the activity of peptides.•Intestinal transport and absorption of some peptides were elucidated.•This article focuses on the multiple mechanisms of antioxidant peptides.•The molecular mechanism of peptides targets regulating antioxidant pathways.•A peptide can simultaneously exert antioxidant and mediated biological functions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Synthesizing ultrathin 2D metal–organic framework nanosheets in high yields has received increasing research interest but remains a great challenge. In this work, ultrathin zirconium‐porphyrinic ...metal–organic framework (MOF) nanosheets with thickness down to ≈1.5 nm are synthesized through a pseudoassembly–disassembly strategy. Owing to the their unique properties originating from their ultrathin thickness and highly exposed active sites, the as‐prepared ultrathin nanosheets exhibit far superior photocatalysis performance compared to the corresponding bulk MOF. This work highlights new opportunities in designing ultrathin MOF nanosheets and paves the way to expand the potential applications of MOFs.
Ultrathin zirconium‐porphyrinic metal–organic framework (MOF) nanosheets with thickness down to 1.5 nm are synthesized through a pseudo‐assembly–disassembly strategy. Owing to the their unique properties originating from their ultrathin thickness and highly accessible active sites, the as‐prepared ultrathin nanosheets exhibit far superior photocatalysis performance compared with the corresponding bulk MOF.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The city of Wuhan, in Hubei province, China is the focus of global attention due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak 1. Sichuan, as a province near Hubei, also has been involved. As ...of February 12, 2020, 59 741 confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been reported in China, of which 451 cases have been identified in Sichuan province. This disease is caused by infection of a new coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to the latest research, the novel coronavirus is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus, leading to speculation that this new coronavirus may originate from bats 2, 3. Current epidemiological data indicate that person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 is occurring 4.
Bilateral ground-glass opacities and a combination of consolidation and ground-glass opacities mainly in the subpleural lung regions is a noteworthy HRCT feature of coronavirus disease 2019, which may help in the early diagnosis of the disease
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The chirality evolution from the molecular level to the macroscopic level remains elusive for inorganic hierarchical structures. Without adding any chiral ligands or dopants, we prepared the ...macroscopic helical assemblies of sub-1 nm nanowires through a facile evaporation-induced self-assembly process with 100% efficiency, benefiting from the self-adjustment and self-recognition of sub-1 nm nanowires. Furthermore, we observed circularly polarized luminescence signals from the helical assemblies composed of nanowires and achiral organic fluorescent dyes, stemming from chirality transfer from the helical assemblies to achiral organic molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations found that the chirality of nanowires played a key role in the formation of macroscopic helical assemblies. Our work clarifies the chirality evolution and transfer of inorganic nanomaterials in part without being studied previously.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Objective
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may induce urinary glucose excretion via the inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption, improve glycemic control, and lower body weight. The ...aim of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate weight changes in patients who received different dosages of SGLT2 inhibitors.
Methods
Overall, 55 placebo‐controlled trials were included.
Results
The results indicated that treatment with 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg of dapagliflozin led to significant decreases in body weight compared with a placebo (weighted mean difference WMD, −1.30 kg, −1.51 kg, −1.79 kg, −2.24 kg, respectively; P < 0.001). Treatment with 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, and 300 mg of canagliflozin also led to significant decreases in weight (WMD, −1.20 kg, −1.82 kg, −1.83 kg, −2.37 kg, respectively; P < 0.001). In the treatment with empagliflozin, ipragliflozin, tofogliflozin, and luseogliflozin, body weight also significantly decreased. The decrease in weight was associated with the dosage of dapagliflozin (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Body weight significantly decreased in patients with type 2 diabetes who received different dosages of SGLT2 inhibitors compared with patients who received a placebo. Moreover, in patients treated with dapagliflozin, there was a statistically significant dosage‐dependent trend in body weight reduction.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Research advances and potential application of PEF on proteins and peptides were reviewed.
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•The application of PEF on food-borne proteins and peptides is summarized.•The protein ...extraction efficiency can be improved by PEF technology.•PEF technology has the ability to activate or inhibit endogenous enzymes for food preservation.•PEF technology can improve the biological activity of various food-borne peptides.•Mechanistic insights into effect of PEF on proteins and peptides were provided.
Proteins or peptides are essential nutrients required by the human body because some essential amino acids cannot be biosynthesized. In this context, food industry is urged to find method to meet the demands of high protein yield and high bioactive protein/peptide production. Pulsed electric fields (PEF) possess high potential and a promising future in the processing and activity performance enhancement of protein/peptides. PEF processing, as food preservation technology, has ongoing from laboratory and pilot plant scale level to the industrial level, however, there was a lack of knowledge on the effects of PEF on proteins and peptides. In the last few years, the increasing number of studies demonstrated that PEF processing is effective in extracting protein, inactivating most endogenous enzymes in foods, improving peptides’ biological activities. We provide an overview of existing and potential applications of PEF on proteins and peptides in food and suggest that the change in structures and functions of proteins/ protein hydrolysates (food component proteins/peptides and enzymes) in PEF processing is receiving considerable attention and may provide a basis for elucidating influence mechanism of PEF processing on protein/peptides and for further improving its application accuracy and range, which thereby could become a key technology for protein-based foods in the future.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a conventional drug widely used in the clinic because of its antipyretic-analgesic effects. However, accidental or intentional APAP overdoses induce liver injury and even ...acute liver failure (ALF). Astaxanthin (ASX) is the strongest antioxidant in nature that shows preventive and therapeutic properties, such as ocular protection, anti-tumor, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. The aim of present study was to determine whether ASX pretreatment provides protection against APAP-induced liver failure.
Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 7 groups, including control, oil, ASX (30mg/kg or 60mg/kg), APAP and APAP+ASX (30mg/kg or 60mg/kg) groups. Saline, olive oil and ASX were administered for 14days. The APAP and APAP+ASX groups were given a peritoneal injection of 700mg/kg or 300mg/kg APAP to determine the 5-day survival rate and for further observation, respectively. Blood and liver samples were collected to detect alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), inflammation, oxidative stress and antioxidant systems, and to observe histopathologic changes and key proteins in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family.
ASX pretreatment before APAP increased the 5-day survival rate in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the ALT, AST, hepatic necrosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation (LPO), oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory factors. ASX protected against APAP toxicity by inhibiting the depletion of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Administration of ASX did not change the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and P38. However, phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and P38 was reduced, consistent with the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2).
ASX provided protection for the liver against APAP hepatotoxicity by alleviating hepatocyte necrosis, blocking ROS generation, inhibiting oxidative stress, and reducing apoptosis by inhibiting the TNF-α-mediated JNK signal pathway and by phosphorylation of ERK and P38, which made sense in preventing and treating liver damage.
•Astaxanthin is a fat-soluble xanthophyll with powerful antioxidant capacity.•Astaxanthin has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.•Astaxanthin inhibits the inflammation in APAP induced liver injury.•Astaxanthin inhibits the oxidative stress in APAP induced liver injury.•Astaxanthin decreases the liver injury via TNF-α/TRAF2/JNK pathway.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Aims
This meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the risk of developing bullous pemphigoid (BP) and other skin‐related adverse events (AEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) undergoing dipeptidyl ...peptidase‐4 inhibitor (DPP‐4i) treatment in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Methods
In this meta‐analysis, the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for RCTs, which involve patients with T2DM reporting skin‐related AEs. RCTs that comparatively evaluated the effects of DPP‐4i treatment and placebo on patients with T2DM and reported skin‐related AEs were included in the analysis. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the Peto's methods. The GRADE approach was used to rate the quality of evidence.
Results
A total of 46 randomized placebo‐controlled trials, including 3 trials with reports of BP (n = 38 011), that reported skin‐related AEs were included (n = 59 332). Compared to the placebo group, the risk of developing BP was significantly higher in the DPP‐4i treatment group (OR = 7.38, 95% CI 2.00‐27.25, I2 = 0%, P = .003; quality rating: very low). Additionally, DPP‐4i treatment was associated with an increased overall risk of developing skin‐related AEs (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.02‐1.46, I2 = 32%, P = .03; quality rating: moderate).
Conclusions
This meta‐analysis suggested that treatment with DPP‐4is, including sitagliptin, saxagliptin, and linagliptin, was associated with an increased risk of developing BP. Additionally, the risk of developing skin‐related AEs increased when all DPP‐4is were combined. Skin lesion, especially BP, should be monitored in patients with diabetes undergoing DPP‐4i treatment. Future studies should evaluate the susceptible population and develop strategies for early detection of skin‐related AEs.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background: Research on maternal weight gain in early pregnancy with healthy live offspring is lacking for Chinese women. Based on the China birth cohort study (CBCS), we aimed to explore maternal ...weight gain in different groups. Methods: Singleton pregnancies of 6 + 0~13 + 6 weeks of gestation from the CBCS were considered, not including missing data or outliers, those lost at follow-up, or those with non-typical conditions of the offspring. Maternal first-trimester weight and body mass index (BMI) gain was considered as the early pregnancy weight minus the pre-pregnancy weight. Using Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation and linear regression models to explore the relationship between maternal weight and BMI gain and gestational age (GA), stratified and sensitivity analyses were carried out to identify the study’s robustness. Results: There were 25,292 singleton pregnancies with healthy live offspring who were ultimately enrolled, and there was a linear correlation between GA and maternal weight gain (=0.55 + 0.05 × GA (weeks), p < 0.001, r2 = 0.002) and BMI change (=0.21 + 0.02 × GA (weeks), p < 0.001, r2 = 0.002). The association remained robust in the stratified and sensitivity analyses of the subgroups. Conclusions: Although the association between GA and maternal pre-pregnancy weight and BMI gain is weak, a slight correlation was shown, especially in pregnant women with a typical or low pre-pregnancy BMI, Han ethnicity, moderate levels of physical activity, natural conception, and folic acid (FA) and/or multivitamin supplementation.
One cut homeobox 2 (ONECUT2 or OC‐2) is a newly discovered transcription factor. Aberrant expression of OC‐2 is closely related to cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. In this ...study, we found that OC‐2 expression was upregulated in ovarian adenocarcinoma cells, by Western blot analysis. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of OC‐2 was also increased in malignant ovarian cancer tissue. In order to explore the role of OC‐2 in the development of ovarian cancer, siRNAs that specifically targets OC‐2 were designed. The siRNA targeting OC‐2 could effectively inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression, but silence and overexpression of VEGFA did not affect OC‐2 expression. In addition, OC2‐siRNA could block the proliferation, migration, and invasion, and inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition and the AKT/ERK signaling pathway, of human ovarian cancer cells in vitro. In a mouse model of ovarian cancer xenograft tumors, OC2‐siRNA could significantly inhibit tumor cell growth and the tumor inhibition rate reached approximately 73%. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the densities of microvessels stained with CD31, the expression of OC‐2 and VEGFA were significantly decreased in tumors. These data indicated that OC‐2 was an upstream regulator of VEGFA and silencing OC‐2 could inhibit ovarian cancer angiogenesis and tumor growth.
In this study, we found that the OC‐2 expression was up‐regulated in ovarian adenocarcinoma. OC2‐siRNA could block the proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibit the AKT/ERK signaling pathway of human ovarian cancer cells. Our data indicated that OC‐2 was an upstream regulator of VEGF and silencing OC‐2 could inhibit ovarian cancer angiogenesis and tumor growth.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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