Previous studies evaluating the welfare cost of air pollution have not paid much attention to its potential effect on mental health and subjective well-being (SWB). This paper attempts to fill the ...gap by investigating the impact of air pollution on several key dimensions, including mental health status, depressive symptoms, moment-to-moment happiness, and evaluative happiness. We match a nationwide longitudinal survey in China with local air quality and rich weather conditions according to the exact time and place of survey. By making use of variations in exposure to air pollution for the same individuals over time, we show that air pollution reduces hedonic happiness and increases the rate of depressive symptoms, while life satisfaction has little to do with the immediate air quality. Our results shed light on air pollution as an important contributor to the Easterlin paradox that economic growth may not bring more happiness.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The macrophage, one of the several key immune cell types, is believed to be involved in tumorigenesis. However, the mechanism of macrophages promoting tumor progression is largely unknown.
The ...differentially secreted proteins of M1 and M2 macrophages were analyzed by mass spectrometry. We performed GST pull-down assay for the identification of cell-membrane receptors that interact with chitinase 3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) protein. The mouse model was used to validate the function of CHI3L1 in cancer metastasis in vivo. Protein phosphorylation and gene expression were performed to study the signaling pathway activation of cancer cells after CHI3L1 treatment.
M2 macrophage-secreted CHI3L1 promoted the metastasis of gastric and breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The CHI3L1 protein functioned by interacting with interleukin-13 receptor α2 chain (IL-13Rα2) molecules on the plasma membranes of cancer cells. Activation of IL-13Rα2 by CHI3L1 triggered the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, leading to the upregulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase genes, which promoted tumor metastasis. The results of this study indicated that the level of CHI3L1 protein in the sera of patients with gastric or breast cancer was significantly elevated compared with those of healthy donors.
Our study revealed a novel aspect of macrophages with respect to cancer metastasis and showed that CHI3L1 could be a marker of metastatic gastric and breast cancer in patients.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective. Under the background of the policy of caring for the healthy growth of left-behind children, the purpose of selecting the topic is to study some common negative emotional problems of ...left-behind children in rural areas, focusing on the guidance of negative emotions of left-behind children in rural areas. In emotional problems, we analyze and find out the reasons for these negative emotions through observation and research. Method. In this paper, a platform for acquiring emotional semantic data of scene images in an open behavioral experimental environment is designed, which breaks the limitations of time and place, and thus acquires a large amount of emotional semantic data of scene images and then uses principal component analysis to evaluate the validity of the data analysis. Psychological testing was used to measure parent-child affinity, adversity beliefs, and positive/negative emotion scales, respectively, to examine children whose parents went out, children whose fathers went out, and non-left-behind children. The characteristics of parent-child affinity, adversity beliefs, and positive/negative emotions in three types of children were examined, and the direct predictive effects of parent-child affinity and adversity beliefs on the positive/negative emotions of the three types of children were examined. Results/Discussion. Adversity beliefs played a partial mediating role between children’s parent-child bonding and positive emotions. The predictive effect of adversity beliefs on children’s emotional adaptation differs by emotional type. The main effects of the left-behind category were significant for both positive and negative emotions. The gender main effect of negative emotion was significant, and the negative emotion level of girls was significantly higher than that of boys. The main effect of the left-behind category of adversity beliefs was significant, and the adversity belief levels of children whose parents went out to rural areas were significantly lower than those of children whose fathers went out and non-left-behind children. The negative emotions generated by left-behind children in rural areas are channeled, and to a certain extent, they are improved and alleviated. Through the emotional counseling and improvement of the rural left-behind children in the research site in the article, the service objects can have better emotions, promote mental health, make them happy and grow up healthily, and also provide a certain theory for the establishment of the local left-behind children care system.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
This paper estimates the monetary value of cutting PM2.5, a dominant source of air pollution in China. By matching hedonic happiness in a nationally representative survey with daily air quality data ...according to the dates and counties of interviews in China, we are able to estimate the relationship between local concentration of particulate matter and individual happiness. By holding happiness constant, we calculate the tradeoff between the reduction in particulate matter and income, essentially a happiness-based measure of willingness-to-pay for mitigating air pollution. We find that people on average are willing to pay ¥258 ($42, or 1.8% of annual household per capita income) per year per person for a 1% reduction in PM2.5.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
After more than three decades of high growth based on its low-wage advantage and relatively favorable demographics—in combination with market-oriented reforms and openness to the world economy—China ...is at a crossroads with a much higher wage and a shrinking work force. Future growth will depend, by necessity, more on the generation of increased productivity, and domestic innovation will play an important part in this. In this paper, we assess the likelihood that China can make the necessary transition. Using data on expenditure on research and development, and patent applications, receipts, and citations, we show that the Chinese economy has become increasingly innovative. We will argue that rising wages and expanding markets are among the important drivers of China's growth in innovation. On the other hand, we find evidence of resource misallocation in the innovation area: while state-owned firms receive more subsidies, private firms exhibit more innovation results. Innovation can presumably progress even faster if resource misallocation can be tackled.
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CEKLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Despite small landholdings, a high degree of land fragmentation, and rising labor costs, agricultural production in China has steadily increased. If one treats the farm household as the unit of ...analysis, it would be difficult to explain the conundrum. When seeing agricultural production from the lens of the division of labor, the puzzle can be easily solved. In response to rising labor costs, farmers outsource some power-intensive stages of production, such as harvesting, to specialized mechanization service providers, which are often clustered in a few counties and travel throughout the country to provide harvesting services at competitive prices. Through such an arrangement, smallholder farmers can stay viable in agricultural production.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
In this study, shear tests on artificial rock joints with different roughness were conducted under five normal stress levels. Test results showed that the shear strength of rock joints had a positive ...correlation with roughness and the applied normal stress. Observation of joint specimens after shear tests indicated that asperity damage was mainly located in the steep areas facing the shear direction. The damaged joint surfaces tend to be rough, which implies that tensile failure plays an important role in shear behavior. As a result of the anisotropic characteristic of joint roughness, two quantitative 2D roughness parameters, i.e., the revised root-mean-square of asperity angle tan
−1
(
Z
2r
) and the maximum contact coefficient
C
m
, were proposed considering the shear direction. The proposed roughness parameters can capture the difference of roughness in forward and reverse directions along a single joint profile. The normalized tensile strength and the proposed roughness parameters were used to perform a rational derivation of peak dilatancy angle. A negative exponential-type function was found to be appropriate to model the peak dilatancy angle. Using the new model of peak dilatancy angle, we obtained a new criterion for peak shear strength of rock joints. The good agreement between test results and predicted results by the new criterion indicated that the proposed criterion is capable of estimating the peak shear strength of rock joints. Comparisons between the new criterion and published models from available literature revealed that the proposed criterion has a good accuracy for predicting the peak shear strength of joints investigated in this study.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Stimulus‐responsive drug release possesses considerable significance in cancer therapy. This work reports an upconversion‐luminescence‐fueled DNA–azobenzene nanopump for rapid and efficient drug ...release. The nanopump is constructed by assembling the azobenzene‐functionalized DNA strands on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). Doxorubicin (DOX) is loaded in the nanopump by intercalation in the DNA helix. Under NIR light, the UCNPs emit both UV and visible photons to fuel the continuous photoisomerization of azo, which acts as an impeller pump to trigger cyclic DNA hybridization and dehybridization for controllable DOX release. In a relatively short period, this system demonstrates 86.7 % DOX release. By assembling HIV‐1 TAT peptide and hyaluronic acid on the system, targeting of the cancer‐cell nucleus is achieved for perinuclear aggregation of DOX and enhanced anticancer therapy. This highly effective drug delivery nanopump could contribute to chemotherapy development.
A DNA nanopump is produced with azobenzene‐functionalized DNA strands for efficient and controllable drug release through the photoisomerization of azobenzene fueled by the simultaneous UV and visible‐light emissions of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) under NIR irradiation. This triggers the release of an anticancer drug and enhances anticancer therapy.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A computed scanning technology was applied to measure fracture tomography, and three-dimensional fracture meshes were established. Water flow experiments and simulations on fractures were conducted. ...Results demonstrate both Forchheimer and Izbash equations can capture the nonlinear flow behavior. As Reynolds number increases, contact obstacles and roughness of fracture increase the complexity of the velocity distribution by generating eddies or back flow. Nonlinear coefficient in Forchheimer equation increases by 1–5 orders of magnitude, ranging from 6 × 1010 to 5 × 1015. A critical Reynolds number is proposed to quantify the onset of nonlinear flow. Further quantitative analysis is conducted regarding flow path tortuosity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
•Myanmar has experienced extremely rapid agricultural mechanization since 2011.•Agricultural machinery is close to scale-neutral at point of use.•Small farm sizes do not hinder uptake due to ...availability of outsourcing services.•Demand for machines is driven by labor scarcity, timeliness, risk, drudgery aversion.•Supply of machine outsourcing services facilitated by reforms to trade, banking, land tenure.
The past decade has seen a resurgence of interest in the role of mechanization in agricultural development. This literature has given rise to debates over the design of institutions and policies to facilitate accelerated mechanization, the role of outsourcing services in overcoming problems of access to machinery, and questions regarding the future of smallholder agriculture. We contribute to these debates using two pairs of complementary demand side (farm household) and supply side (agricultural machinery retailer) surveys, implemented in Myanmar in 2016 and 2017 across two major agro-ecological zones. Our analysis provides evidence that extremely rapid agricultural mechanization took place during the period of political and economic reforms from 2011 to 2020. In both zones surveyed, use of machinery for land preparation, harvesting, and threshing was close to scale-neutral due to a dynamic outsourcing services market. Rather than representing a single transformational change, mechanization’s broad appeal to farm households results from an accumulation of incremental, overlapping, complementary advantages. These include labor savings, reduced drudgery, convenience, increased speed and timeliness of operations, improved ability to manage weather-related risks, and reduced loss of grain during harvesting. We provide examples of policies on trade, finance, and land tenure that contributed to this transformation with practical implications for ongoing policy debates on mechanization in other countries, and suggest some generalizable lessons.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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