Despite recent growth of research on the effects of prosocial media, processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Two studies explored theoretically relevant mediators and moderators ...of the effects of prosocial media on helping. Study 1 examined associations among prosocial- and violent-media use, empathy, and helping in samples from seven countries. Prosocial-media use was positively associated with helping. This effect was mediated by empathy and was similar across cultures. Study 2 explored longitudinal relations among prosocial-video-game use, violent-video-game use, empathy, and helping in a large sample of Singaporean children and adolescents measured three times across 2 years. Path analyses showed significant longitudinal effects of prosocial- and violent-video-game use on prosocial behavior through empathy. Latent-growth-curve modeling for the 2-year period revealed that change in video-game use significantly affected change in helping, and that this relationship was mediated by change in empathy.
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Solid-state structural transformation of coordination polymers (CPs) under more than one stimulus provides pathway of versatile structures with subtle regulation. The prepared CPs, Zn-bpe ({(F3CCO2) ...(O2CCH3)Zn}2 (bpe)2n, bpe is 1, 2-bis (4-pyridine) ethylene) exhibits solid-state structural transformation trigged by environmental friendly stimuli, UV light and ozone. Zn-bpe undergoes 2 + 2 photodimerization reaction under UV light irradiation and bpe of Zn-bpe are transferred to pyridine aldehyde and pyridine acid under ozone irradiation. However, such transformation retains the crystal structure of original Zn-bpe. Besides, Zn-bpe and its transformations with slight structural differences are regarded as precursors and result in different calcination product with distinctive photocatalytic activities for RhB degradation. The calcination product derived from ozone irradiated Zn-bpe, O–Zn-bpe-350, presents superior photocatalytic ability, as about 91% RhB are degraded after 180 min visible light irradiation.
Solid-state structural transformation of prepared CPs, Zn-bpe, was trigged by two environmental friendly stimuli, UV light and ozone. Moreover, these structural transformation products, L-Zn-bpe and O–Zn-bpe, maintain crystal structure of original Zn-bpe. Different structures of Zn-bpe, L-Zn-bpe and O–Zn-bpe result to different structures and distinct photocatalytic activities of their calcination products. Display omitted
•Solid-state structural transformation of Zn-bpe was triggered by two stimuli.•Such transformation products maintain crystal structure of original Zn-bpe.•Calcination products of Zn-bpe, L-Zn-bpe and O–Zn-bpe show distinct photocatalysis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
bZIP
gene family is one of the largest transcription factor families. It plays an important role in plant growth, metabolic, and environmental response. However, complete genome-wide investigation of
...bZIP
gene family in
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
remains unexplained. In this study, 66 putative
bZIP
genes in the genome of
G. uralensis
were identified. And their evolutionary classification, physicochemical properties, conserved domain, functional differentiation, and the expression level under different stress conditions were further analyzed. All the members were clustered into 13 subfamilies (A–K, M, and S). A total of 10 conserved motifs were found in GubZIP proteins. Members from the same subfamily shared highly similar gene structures and conserved domains. Tandem duplication events acted as a major driving force for the evolution of
bZIP
gene family in
G. uralensis
. Cis-acting elements and protein–protein interaction networks showed that
GubZIPs
in one subfamily are involved in multiple functions, while some
GubZIPs
from different subfamilies may share the same functional category. The miRNA network targeting GubZIPs showed that the regulation at the transcriptional level may affect protein–protein interaction networks. We suspected that domain-mediated interactions may categorize a protein family into subfamilies in G. uralensis. Furthermore, the tissue-specific gene expression patterns of GubZIPs were analyzed using the public RNA-seq data. Moreover, gene expression level of 66 bZIP family members under abiotic stress treatments was quantified by using qRT-PCR. The results of this study may serve as potential candidates for functional characterization in the future.
A long-standing debate exists on how our brain assigns the fine-grained perceptual representation of color into discrete color categories. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies ...have identified several regions as the candidate loci of color categorization, including the visual cortex, language-related areas, and non-language-related frontal regions, but the evidence is mixed. Distinct from most studies that emphasized the representational differences between color categories, the current study focused on the variability among members within a category (e.g., category prototypes and boundaries) to reveal category encoding in the brain. We compared and modeled brain activities evoked by color stimuli with varying distances from the category boundary in an active categorization task. The frontal areas, including the inferior and middle frontal gyri, medial superior frontal cortices, and insular cortices, showed larger responses for colors near the category boundary than those far from the boundary. In addition, the visual cortex encodes both within-category variability and cross-category differences. The left V1 in the calcarine showed greater responses to colors at the category center than to those far from the boundary, and the bilateral V4 showed enhanced responses for colors at the category center as well as colors around the boundary. The additional representational similarity analyses (RSA) revealed that the bilateral insulae and V4a carried information about cross-category differences, as cross-category colors exhibited larger dissimilarities in brain patterns than within-category colors. Our study suggested a hierarchically organized network in the human brain during active color categorization, with frontal (both lateral and medial) areas supporting domain-general decisional processes and the visual cortex encoding category structure and differences, likely due to top-down modulation.
Abstract
The drilling and blasting method is widely used in tunnel engineering. The accompanying airblast may damage structures and annoy nearby occupants. The prediction of airblast overpressure (
p
...oa
) outside the tunnel is necessary to improve the safety of blasting works. A study of propagation characteristics of airblasts induced by tunnel blasting was carried out through experimental and numerical studies. The results indicate that the distributions of the
p
oa
outside the tunnel were anisotropic, which does not conform to the decay law of an explosion in free-field. The propagation of airblasts induced by tunnel blasting is related to the airblast shape. The phenomenon that the
p
oa
along the axial direction of the tunnel was higher than along other directions can be explained by the numerical results of the process of airblasts. The airblasts outside the tunnel traveled as a spherical wave, but the pressure was not uniformly distributed. After an airblast plane wave with high speed and high pressure inside the tunnel was transmitted out of the tunnel, its inertia strengthened the pressure in the axial direction. The airblast outside the tunnel is related to the propagation distance
R
out
, the angle from the measurement to the tunnel axis
α
, and the pressure intensity
p
0
at the tunnel portal. Subsequently, an ellipsoidal contour curve of the
p
oa
outside the tunnel was plotted, and therefore a new prediction equation was validated by numerical results and field data. Finally, the newly proposed methodology guided the blast design.
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The detection of seismic activity precursors as part of an alarm system will provide opportunities for minimization of the social and economic impact caused by earthquakes. It has long been ...envisaged, and a growing body of empirical evidence suggests that the Earth’s electromagnetic field could contain precursors to seismic events. The ability to capture and monitor electromagnetic field activity has increased in the past years as more sensors and methodologies emerge. Missions such as Swarm have enabled researchers to access near-continuous observations of electromagnetic activity at second intervals, allowing for more detailed studies on weather and earthquakes. In this paper, we present an approach designed to detect anomalies in electromagnetic field data from Swarm satellites. This works towards developing a continuous and effective monitoring system of seismic activities based on SWARM measurements. We develop an enhanced form of a probabilistic model based on the Martingale theories that allow for testing the null hypothesis to indicate abnormal changes in electromagnetic field activity. We evaluate this enhanced approach in two experiments. Firstly, we perform a quantitative comparison on well-understood and popular benchmark datasets alongside the conventional approach. We find that the enhanced version produces more accurate anomaly detection overall. Secondly, we use three case studies of seismic activity (namely, earthquakes in Mexico, Greece, and Croatia) to assess our approach and the results show that our method can detect anomalous phenomena in the electromagnetic data.
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This article takes the measured Total Electron Content (TEC) from the GPS points of the China Regional Crust Observation Network as the starting point to establish a regional ionospheric empirical ...model. The model’s performance is enhanced by considering solar flux and geomagnetic activity data. The refinement function model of the ionospheric TEC diurnal variation component, seasonal variation component, and geomagnetic component is studied. Using the nonlinear least squares method to fit undetermined coefficients, MEFM-ITCR (Multi-parameter Empirical Fusion Model–Ionospheric TEC China Regional Model) is proposed to forecast the regional ionosphere TEC in China. The results show that the standard deviation of MEFM-ITCR residuals is 3.74TECU, and MEFM-ITCR fits the modeling dataset well. Analyses of geographic location variation, seasonal variation, and geomagnetic disturbance were carried out for MEFM-ITCR performance. The results indicate that in the Chinese region, MEFM-ITCR outperforms IRI2020 and NeQuick2 models in terms of forecast accuracy, linear correlation, and model precision for TEC measured using GPS points under different latitudes and longitudes, different seasons, and different geomagnetic disturbances. The empirical TEC model built for the Chinese region in this paper provides a new ionospheric delay correction method for GNSS single frequency users and is of great significance for establishing other new and improving existing ionospheric empirical models.
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Traditional paddy rice farmers had to share labor and coordinate irrigation in a way that most wheat farmers did not. We observed people in everyday life to test whether these agricultural legacies ...gave rice-farming southern China a more interdependent culture and wheat-farming northern China a more independent culture. In Study 1, we counted 8964 people sitting in cafes in six cities and found that people in northern China were more likely to be sitting alone. In Study 2, we moved chairs together in Starbucks across the country so that they were partially blocking the aisle (
= 678). People in northern China were more likely to move the chair out of the way, which is consistent with findings that people in individualistic cultures are more likely to try to control the environment. People in southern China were more likely to adjust the self to the environment by squeezing through the chairs. Even in China's most modern cities, rice-wheat differences live on in everyday life.
Pansharpening refers to the fusion of a panchromatic (PAN) and a multispectral (MS) image aimed at generating a high-quality outcome over the same area. This particular image fusion problem has been ...widely studied, but until recently, it has been challenging to balance the spatial and spectral fidelity in fused images. The spectral distortion is widespread in the component substitution-based approaches due to the variation in the intensity distribution of spatial components. We lightened the idea using the total variation optimization to improve upon a novel GIHS-TV framework for pansharpening. The framework drew the high spatial fidelity from the GIHS scheme and implemented it with a simpler variational expression. An improved L1-TV constraint to the new spatial–spectral information was introduced to the GIHS-TV framework, along with its fast implementation. The objective function was solved by the Iteratively Reweighted Norm (IRN) method. The experimental results on the “PAirMax” dataset clearly indicated that GIHS-TV could effectively reduce the spectral distortion in the process of component substitution. Our method has achieved excellent results in visual effects and evaluation metrics.
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Solar irradiance is the main factor affecting the output of a photovoltaic (PV) power station, which is chiefly determined by the cloud distribution over the power station. For ultra‐short‐term, ...especially the intro‐hour time scale irradiance forecasting, ground‐based cloud image is considered as a very necessary data as Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI). However, the information content in the image is much higher than that of GHI record, and there is even a difference in magnitude between them. Therefore, how to effectively extract the key features in the cloud images and fuse them with GHI record data is the decisive factor affecting the performance of the forecasting model. Here, a novel convolutional auto‐encoder based cloud distribution feature (CDF) extraction method is first proposed. Then for feature fusion part, an LSTM‐FUSION irradiance forecasting model is established based on long short‐term memory (LSTM) neural network and feature fusion by time steps considering the one‐to‐one correlation between CDFs and GHI. Finally, a novel determination method of input time step length based on attention distribution analysis is also proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed LSTM‐FUSION model is overall superior to the benchmark models.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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