Self‐assembly of colloidal microspheres or nanospheres is an effective strategy for fabrication of ordered nanostructures. By combination of colloidal self‐assembly with nanofabrication techniques, ...two‐dimensional (2D) colloidal crystals have been employed as masks or templates for evaporation, deposition, etching, and imprinting, etc. These methods are defined as “colloidal lithography”, which is now recognized as a facile, inexpensive, and repeatable nanofabrication technique. This paper presents an overview of 2D colloidal crystals and nanostructure arrays fabricated by colloidal lithography. First, different methods for fabricating self‐assembled 2D colloidal crystals and complex 2D colloidal crystal structures are summarized. After that, according to the nanofabrication strategy employed in colloidal lithography, related works are reviewed as colloidal‐crystal‐assisted evaporation, deposition, etching, imprinting, and dewetting, respectively.
This review article presents an overview of two‐dimensional (2D) colloidal crystals and nanostructure arrays fabricated by colloidal lithography. First, methods for fabricating self‐assembled 2D colloidal crystals and complex 2D colloidal crystal structures are presented. Then, according to the nanofabrication strategy employed in colloidal lithography, related works are reviewed as colloidal‐crystal‐assisted evaporation, deposition, etching, imprinting, and dewetting, respectively.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
2.
An Improved OPA Model and Blackout Risk Assessment Shengwei Mei, Shengwei Mei; Fei He, Fei He; Xuemin Zhang, Xuemin Zhang ...
IEEE transactions on power systems,
05/2009, Volume:
24, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The ORNL-PSerc-Alaska (OPA) model is a blackout model proposed by researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Power System Engineering Research Center of Wisconsin University (PSerc), and ...Alaska University (Alaska). Although the OPA model is a landmark study, it has two limitations. First, there is a significant difference between simulation and practice in transmission line outage and update; and second, the simulation of cascading failure and the probability distribution of blackout size are in general not accurate enough. Hence, an improved OPA model is proposed in this paper to address these limitations. The proposed model contains two layers of iteration. The inner iteration describes the fast dynamics of the system and considers the influence of power flow, dispatching, automation, relay protection, and so on. The outer iteration describes the slow overall system evolution and is concerned with the update of the power grid, operation modes and planning. Such a model can be applied to practical large-scale systems. Furthermore, based on the Value at Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR), two new complementary blackout risk indices are defined, which reveal critical characteristics of blackouts and are used to evaluate security levels of power systems. The effectiveness of the improved OPA model is verified by the simulations concerning the Northeast Power Grid of China.
Two critical issues have arisen in transmission expansion planning with the rapid growth of wind power generation. First, severe power ramping events in daily operation due to the high variability of ...wind power generation pose great challenges to multi-year planning decision making. Second, the long construction periods of transmission lines may not be able to keep pace with the fast growing uncertainty due to the increasing integration of wind power generation. To address such issues, we propose a comprehensive robust planning model considering different resources, namely, transmission lines, generators, and FACTS devices. Various factors are taken into account, including flexibility requirements, construction period, and cost. We construct the hourly net load ramping uncertainty (HLRU) set to characterize the variation of hourly net load including wind power generation, and the annual net load duration curve uncertainty (LDCU) set for the uncertainty of normal annual net load duration curve. This results in a two-stage robust optimization model with two different types of uncertainty sets, which are decoupled into two different sets of subproblems to make the entire solution process tractable. Numerical simulations with real-world data show that the proposed model and solution method are effective in coordinating different flexible resources and rendering robust expansion planning strategies.
Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan summarized cultural differences in psychology and argued that people from one particular culture are outliers: people from societies that are Western, educated, ...industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD). This study shows that liberals think WEIRDer than conservatives. In five studies with more than 5,000 participants, we found that liberals think more analytically (an element of WEIRD thought) than moderates and conservatives. Study 3 replicates this finding in the very different political culture of China, although it held only for people in more modernized urban centers. These results suggest that liberals and conservatives in the same country think as if they were from different cultures. Studies 4 to 5 show that briefly training people to think analytically causes them to form more liberal opinions, whereas training them to think holistically causes shifts to more conservative opinions.
Full text
Available for:
NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Early detection remains a significant challenge for the treatment of depression. In our work, we proposed a novel approach to mild depression recognition using electroencephalography (EEG). First, we ...explored abnormal organization in the functional connectivity network of mild depression using graph theory. Second, we proposed a novel classification model for recognizing mild depression. Considering the powerful ability of CNN to process two-dimensional data, we applied CNN separately to the two-dimensional data form of the functional connectivity matrices from five EEG bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma). In addition, inspired by recent breakthroughs in the ability of deep recurrent CNNs to classify mental load, we merged the functional connectivity matrices from the three EEG bands that performed the best into a three-channel image to classify mild depression-related and normal EEG signals using the CNN. The results of the graph theory analysis showed that the brain functional network of the mild depression group had a larger characteristic path length and a lower clustering coefficient than the healthy control group, showing deviation from the small-world network. The proposed classification model obtained a classification accuracy of 80.74% for recognizing mild depression. The current study suggests that the combination of a CNN and functional connectivity matrix may provide a promising objective approach for diagnosing mild depression. Deep learning approaches such as this might have the potential to inform clinical practice and aid in research on psychiatric disorders.
Alterations in cellular ubiquitin （Ub） homeostasis, known as Ub stress, feature and affect cellular responses in multiple conditions, yet the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here ...we report that autophagy receptor p62/sequestosome-1 interacts with E2 Ub conjugating enzymes, UBE2D2 and UBE2D3. Endogenous p62 undergoes E2-dependent ubiquitylation during upregulation of Ub homeostasis, a condition termed as Ub~ stress, that is intrinsic to Ub overexpression, heat shock or prolonged proteasomal inhibition by bortezomib, a chemothera- peutic drug. Ubiquitylation of p62 disrupts dimerization of the UBA domain of p62, liberating its ability to recognize polyubiquitylated cargoes for selective autophagy. We further demonstrate that this mechanism might be critical for autophagy activation upon Ub stress conditions. Delineation of the mechanism and regulatory roles of p62 in sensing Ub stress and controlling selective autophagy could help to understand and modulate cellular responses to a variety of endogenous and environmental challenges, potentially opening a new avenue for the development of therapeutic strategies against autophagy-related maladies.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In the big data environment, the social information of a large number of nodes cannot be reasonably analyzed and utilized, thus leading to the problem of uneven routing performance. Therefore, this ...paper proposes a
Social Similarity Routing Algorithm
(SRRA) based on socially aware networks in the big data environment. In the SRRA algorithm, two main parts in which the process of nodes forwarding messages are in-community and out-of-community. First, we defined three indexes for nodes and communities in which nodes are located by analyzing human social behavior: community connectedness between communities, the activity of nodes, and the social similarity of nodes. Then these three indexes are used to make up two measures: the in-community forwarding measure and the out-of-community forwarding measure. When messages are forwarded within a community, we choose nodes with high in-community forwarding measures as relay nodes so that messages can be delivered quickly in the same community. The relay node with the highest out-of-community forwarding measure is chosen to forward the message to the adjacent communities that are as near as possible to the destination community as much as possible when messages are forwarded outside the community, which ensures that messages can always be sent to the target community fast and accurately. The results of the simulation experiments compared with existing routing algorithms prove that the SRRA routing algorithm significantly improves the message delivery ratio while effectively reducing the network overhead and average latency.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Abstract Graphene has been demonstrated in many biomedical applications and its potentials for neural interfacing. Emerging concerns on graphene, as a biomedical material, are its biocompatibility ...and how biologically targeted tissue/cells respond to it. Relatively few studies attempted to address the interactions of graphene or its derivatives with the tissues/cells, while very few reports on neural system. In this study, we tried to explore how neurites, one of the key structures for neural functions, are affected by graphene during the development until maturation in a mouse hippocampal culture model. The results reveal that graphene substrates exhibited excellent biocompatibility, as cell viability and morphology were not affected. Meanwhile, neurite numbers and average neurite length on graphene were significantly enhanced during 2–7 days after cell seeding compared with tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) substrates. Especially on Day 2 of the neural development period, graphene substrates efficiently promoted neurite sprouting and outgrowth to the maximal extent. Additionally, expression of growth-associate protein-43 (GAP-43) was examined in both graphene and TCPS groups. Western blot analysis showed that GAP-43 expression was greatly enhanced in graphene group compared to TCPS group, which might result in the boost of neurite sprouting and outgrowth. This study suggests the potential of graphene as a material for neural interfacing and provides insight into the future biomedical applications of graphene.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
RLR-mediated type I IFN production plays a pivotal role in elevating host immunity for viral clearance and cancer immune surveillance. Here, we report that glycolysis, which is inactivated during RLR ...activation, serves as a barrier to impede type I IFN production upon RLR activation. RLR-triggered MAVS-RIG-I recognition hijacks hexokinase binding to MAVS, leading to the impairment of hexokinase mitochondria localization and activation. Lactate serves as a key metabolite responsible for glycolysis-mediated RLR signaling inhibition by directly binding to MAVS transmembrane (TM) domain and preventing MAVS aggregation. Notably, lactate restoration reverses increased IFN production caused by lactate deficiency. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show that lactate reduction by lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) inactivation heightens type I IFN production to protect mice from viral infection. Our study establishes a critical role of glycolysis-derived lactate in limiting RLR signaling and identifies MAVS as a direct sensor of lactate, which functions to connect energy metabolism and innate immunity.
Display omitted
•Lactate inhibits RLR-mediated interferon production•This regulation occurs through direct sensing of lactate by MAVS•MAVS associates with hexokinase, but this association is disrupted by RIG-I•Targeting LDHA enhances type I IFN production and viral clearance
Lactate acts as a regulator of the adaptor MAVS, allowing a cross-regulation between antiviral signaling and energy metabolism
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract Social cues, such as another individual׳s eye gaze, provide valuable information regarding the actions and intentions of others. Previous studies have suggested that seeing another׳s gaze ...automatically orients one׳s attention in the gaze direction. In this event-related potential (ERP) study, a spatial cuing paradigm was combined with a visual search task in which targets were defined by feature conjunctions in order to eliminate effects of target/distractor salience. Participants viewed centrally presented faces with neutral expressions in which eyes looked to the left or right. The participants׳ task was to identify a target object (with or without gap) defined by a combination of shape and orientation, which appeared in either the same (cued) or the opposite (uncued) location as the direction of the eye gaze. There was behavioural evidence of a gaze congruency effect, as reaction times (RTs) were faster when the eyes looked towards the target rather than away from the location of the target. The ERP data indicated the presence of significant gaze-congruent early directing attention negativity (EDAN) and anterior directing attention negativity (ADAN), reflecting attention shifts to the cued location in advance of the target presentation. ERP data did not show evidence of later orienting of attention triggered by gaze cues in the late attention-directing attention positivity (LDAP) at posterior sites. The results disclosed the neural response during reflexive attention shifting triggered by gazes and ascertained the relationship among EDAN, ADAN, LDAP and gaze-elicited attention shifts. After the presentation of the target array without salient stimuli, the presence of the N2-posterior-contralateral (N2pc) in the cued trials and the absence in the uncued trials further supported that attention had been directed to the possible target location prior to the target onset. The ERPs in response to the target array also extend our understanding of the neural response that orients spatial attention by providing valuable information about the temporal dynamics without the influence of salience.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
PDF
