Taking action in response to anthropometrics is important to respirator fit. We aimed to investigate the associations between the filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) fit and the head-face dimensions ...among Chinese people. We used data from 85 volunteers. We focused on fit factors and 8 head-facial dimensions of subjects. The fit factors from 4 respirator models with different protection levels and shapes were measured by a PortaCount fit tester. Each subject tested four respirator models, for a total of four quantitative fit tests per subject. Passing rate (PR) of each model was determined at fit factor level no less than 100. The data of 85 subjects aged 22–51 yr old were analyzed using χ2 test, one-way ANOVA test, t-test and non-conditional logistic regression model. The PRs for the 4 models were 52.9%, 61.2%, 40.0% and 63.5%, which were significantly different. We found the positive effect of morphological facial length and negative effect of bitragion-submandibular arc on fit factors. This confirms it is necessary to conduct fit test before using a respirator. PRs varied among 4 models regardless of their protection level and shape. Anthropometric dimension of the user, which had effects on FFR fit, should be considered when designing respirator.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on machine learning methods has been applied in material analysis, biological detection, food safety, and intelligent analysis. However, machine ...learning methods generally require extra preprocessing or feature engineering, and handling large-scale data using these methods is challenging. In this study, deep learning networks were used as fully connected networks, convolutional neural networks (CNN), fully convolutional networks (FCN), and principal component analysis networks (PCANet) to determine their abilities to recognise drugs in human urine and measure pirimiphos-methyl in wheat extract in the two input forms of a one-dimensional vector or a two-dimensional matrix. The best recognition result for drugs in urine with an accuracy of 98.05% in the prediction set was obtained using CNN with spectra as input in the matrix form. The optimal quantitation for pirimiphos-methyl was obtained using FCN with spectra in the matrix form, and the analysis was accomplished with a determination coefficient of 0.9997 and a root mean square error of 0.1574 in the prediction set. These networks performed better than the common machine learning methods. Overall, the deep learning networks provide feasible alternatives for the recognition and quantitation of SERS.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on machine learning methods has been applied in material analysis, biological detection, food safety, and intelligent analysis.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa, and the impact of ozone on AR is gaining increasing attention. Although NOD-like receptor ...thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AR, its regulatory mechanisms in ozone-induced exacerbation remain unclear. Therefore, we explored the impact of ozone inhalation on inflammation in AR and investigated the regulatory mechanisms involving NLRP3.
Fifty female Sprague–Dawley rats were selected and divided into five groups: normal control (NC), normal with ozone exposure (NE), AR model, AR with ozone exposure (ARE), and ARE treated with the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 (ARE+MCC950). Behavioral changes were observed in the rats, and the expression of NLRP3, active-caspase 1, and GSDMD-N was detected by western blotting. The expression levels of interleukin (IL)− 4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-1β, and ovalbumin-specific IgE (OVA-sIgE) in nasal lavage fluid as well as IL-6 in the serum were measured by ELISA. The expression and distribution of NLRP3 and IL-1β in nasal mucosal tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry, and pathological changes and eosinophilic infiltration in nasal mucosal tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The effects of ozone exposure on inflammation in the nasal mucosal tissue of rats with AR and the relationship between NLRP3 and inflammation were analyzed.
Upregulation of NLRP3 was observed in the AR rat model, and ozone further aggravated the expression of NLRP3 in the nasal mucosal tissue. Compared to the AR, NC, and NE groups, NLRP3 inflammasomes were activated in the ARE group, and the expression levels of related indexes active-caspase 1 and GSDMD-N were significantly increased; the expression levels of Th2 inflammatory factors IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and OVA-sIgE were increased, and inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-6 expression was also significantly increased. HE staining revealed that ozone aggravated damage to the nasal mucosal tissue in AR. Compared with the ARE group, the expression of NLRP3 inflammasomes was downregulated, sneezing and scratching symptoms were reduced, inflammatory indicators in nasal lavage fluid were decreased, and nasal mucosal tissue damage was alleviated in rats in the ARE+MCC950 group.
Ozone exposure significantly increased the inflammatory response in an animal model of AR. MCC950 can selectively inhibit the expression of NLRP3, inhibit the activity of inflammasomes, and reduce nasal mucosal inflammation by regulating the NLRP3-caspase-1-IL-1β pathway.
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•Ozone can aggravate the symptom of allergic rhinitis.•Ozone exposure can upregulate NLRP3 expression in allergic rhinitis.•MCC950 can reduce allergic reactions by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and downregulating the expression of inflammatory factors in the nasal mucosa tissue.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Here, we describe one simple Ir/hydrosilane catalytic system for chemoselective isomerization of 2-substituted allylic ethers. This facile strategy shows high efficiency towards a variety of ...substrates, including derivatives from bioactive molecules. The substituent at the α position of the olefins is supposed to be critical in retarding the alkene hydrosilylation process and leading the reaction to go through the isomerization pathway.
One mild and simple Ir/hydrosilane catalytic system for isomerization of 2-substituted allylic ethers with high specificity and chemoselectivity was developed.
Iridium-catalyzed azide-thioalkyne cycloaddition reaction (IrAAC) has proved to be a powerful tool for the synthesis of fully substituted 1,2,3-triazole compounds with exclusive regioselectivity. ...Here we report its successful use in the precise construction of stereocontrolled oligomers that have great potential in diverse applications. Starting with the azide derived from L-prolinol and different functionalized thioalkynes, chiral 1,2,3-triazole units were fabricated with high efficiency under the IrAAC condition, which were further assembled into stereocontrolled oligotriazoles through metal-free exponential growth strategies. The structure and uniformity of these oligomers were well identified by
H NMR, size-exclusion chromatography, and mass spectrometry, the stereoregularity of which were studied through circular dichroism and circular polarized luminescence analysis.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing global public crisis. Although viral RNA modification has been reported ...based on the transcriptome architecture, the types and functions of RNA modification are still unknown. In this study, we evaluated the roles of RNA N6-methyladenosine (m
A) modification in SARS-CoV-2. Our methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-Seq) and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing (DRS) analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA contained m
A modification. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection not only increased the expression of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) but also altered its distribution. Modification of METTL3 expression by short hairpin RNA or plasmid transfection for knockdown or overexpression, respectively, affected viral replication. Furthermore, the viral key protein RdRp interacted with METTL3, and METTL3 was distributed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in the presence of RdRp. RdRp appeared to modulate the sumoylation and ubiquitination of METTL3 via an unknown mechanism. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the host m
A modification complex interacted with viral proteins to modulate SARS-CoV-2 replication.
Internal chemical modifications of viral RNA play key roles in the regulation of viral replication and gene expression. Although potential internal modifications have been reported in SARS-CoV-2 RNA, the function of the SARS-CoV-2 N6-methyladenosine (m
A) modification in the viral life cycle is unclear. In the current study, we demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 RNA underwent m
A modification by host m
A machinery. SARS-CoV-2 infection altered the expression pattern of methyltransferases and demethylases, while the expression level of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) and fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) was linked to the viral replication. Further study showed that METTL3 interacted with viral RNA polymerase RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which influenced not only the distribution but also the posttranslational modification of METTL3. Our study provided evidence that host m
A components interacted with viral proteins to modulate viral replication.
A complete understanding of the potential environmental risks associated with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is critical for its large-scale deployment. Many experiments have simulated plant ...responses to soil CO2 stress caused by CCS leakage; however, crop quality has received less attention. This study assessed the effects of leaked CO2 from CCS on alfalfa yield and nutritional quality using pot experiments, focusing on crude protein and amino acids to address this knowledge gap. Our results showed that the aboveground and underground fresh weights decreased by 43.55 % and 66.06 %, respectively. The root-to-shoot ratio of alfalfa decreased from 1.04 to 0.63, indicating greater inhibition effects on the root than on the aboveground part of alfalfa. Crude protein and total amino acids in alfalfa declined by approximately 15.20 % and 11.37 %, respectively, compared to the non-leaked scenario. Our findings could potentially shed light on the environmental impact of CCS leakage, explicitly concerning the decline of crop quality, which adds to existing knowledge of the environmental effects of CCS failure.
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•Studying environmental risks of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is essential.•Effects of leaked CO2 from CCS on alfalfa were studied.•Increased CO2 levels in the soil decreased the root to shoot ratio of alfalfa.•CO2 leakage negatively affects crop yield and quality.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Female and latent genital tuberculosis (FGTB and LGTB) in young women may lead to infertility by damaging ovarian reserve function, but the regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we ...investigated the effects of FGTB and LGTB on ovarian reserve function and potential regulatory mechanisms by untargeted metabolomics of follicular fluid, aiming to provide insights for the clinical management and treatment approaches for afflicted women. We recruited 19 patients with FGTB, 16 patients with LGTB, and 16 healthy women as a control group. Clinical data analysis revealed that both the FGTB and LGTB groups had significantly lower ovarian reserve marker levels compared to the control group, including lower anti-Müllerian hormone levels (FGTB: 0.82 0.6, 1.1 μg/L; LGTB: 1.57 1.3, 1.8 μg/L vs. control: 3.29 2.9, 3.5 μg/L), reduced antral follicular counts (FGTB: 6 5.5, 9.5; LGTB: 10.5 7, 12.3 vs. control: 17 14.5, 18), and fewer retrieved oocytes (FGTB: 3 2, 5; LGTB: 8 4, 8.3 vs. control: 14.5 11.5, 15.3). Conversely, these groups exhibited higher ovarian response marker levels, such as longer gonadotropin treatment days (FGTB: 12 10.5, 12.5; LGTB: 11 10.8, 11.3 vs. control: 10 8.8, 10) and increased gonadotropin dosage requirements (FGTB: 3300 3075, 3637.5 U; LGTB: 3037.5 2700, 3225 U vs. control: 2531.25 2337.5, 2943.8 U). All comparisons were statistically significant at P < 0.05. The results suggested that FGTB and LGTB have adverse effects on ovarian reserve and response. Untargeted metabolomic analysis identified 92 and 80 differential metabolites in the control vs. FGTB and control vs. LGTB groups, respectively. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed significant alterations in metabolic pathways in the FGTB and LGTB groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05), with specific changes noted in galactose metabolism, biotin metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism in the FGTB group, and caffeine metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism in the LGTB group. The analysis of metabolic levels has revealed the potential mechanisms by which FGTB and LGTB affect ovarian reserve function, namely through alterations in metabolic pathways. The study emphasizes the importance of comprehending the metabolic alterations associated with FGTB and LGTB, which is of considerable relevance for the clinical management and therapeutic approaches in afflicted women.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) may result in negative environmental impacts if CO2 escapes into the soil layer from deep geological storage formations. In particular, little is known about the ...spatial scope of possible impacts of CO2 leakages. This study designed and implemented a CO2 point-source shallow release experiment to simulate CCS leakage at a rate of 1.0 L min−1 and a depth of 1.5 m. The scope of crop and farmland responses to CO2 leakage were examined, with a focus on spring wheat. The experimental site had a radius of 9.0 m, and the leaked CO2 was found to influence soil CO2 concentrations up to 4.0 m from the source, or 2.67 times the depth of the leak. Furthermore, the influence radius of the CO2 leak on spring wheat height was about 1.0 m, which was 0.67 times the depth of the leak. The morphological characteristics of wheat observed directly above the leak were approximately 30–50% lower than the background levels (9.0 m from the source). CO2 leakage could therefore result in wheat field degradation along the soil surface. These findings suggest that a set of empirical parameters to assess the scope of the negative influence of CCS leakage on agriculture should be developed. Overall, the results indicate a concentric pattern of farmland and crop degradation with distance from the CCS leakage source, which may help to deepen understanding of the safety of CCS.
•Farmland degradation caused by radial diffusion of CO2 leakage from CCS was investigated.•Leakage influenced horizontal topsoil CO2 concentrations 2.67 times the source depth.•Morphological characteristics of spring wheat were degraded 30–50% by CO2 leakage.•Empirical evidence can be used to assess the scope and extent of CCS leakage.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Cardiovascular disease, which can lead to angina and shortness of breath, remains one of the most serious threats to human health. Owing to its imperceptible symptoms, it is difficult to determine ...the pathogenesis and treatment methods for cardiovascular disease. Nuclear factor erythropoietin-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf2/HO-1) is a protein found in all cells of the human body. It is activated, transferred to the nucleus, and bound to DNA by antioxidant response elements (AREs). As a regulator of the antioxidant system, it upregulates the expression of HO-1 to reduce oxidative stress. Nrf2/HO-1 also has the ability to modulate calcium levels to prevent ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, programmed cell necrosis, alkaliptosis, and clockophagy. In view of the importance of Nrf2/HO-1 in the regulation of homeostasis, this review summarizes current research on the relationship between cardiovascular disease and Nrf2/HO-1. Normal cardiovascular diseases, such as viral myocarditis and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, have been treated with Nrf2/HO-1. Rheumatic heart disease, cardiac tumors, arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia, hypertensive heart disease, and myocardial infarction have also been treated during experiments. Research has demonstrated the clinical application of Nrf2/HO-1 in pediatric cardiovascular disease; further clinical trials will help elucidate the potential of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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