Scatophagus argus, an estuarine inhabitant, can rapidly adapt to different salinity environments. However, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying its strong salinity tolerance remains ...unclear. The gill, as the main osmoregulatory organ, plays a vital role in the salinity adaptation of the fish, and thus relative studies are constructive to reveal unique osmoregulatory mechanisms in S. argus. In the present study, iTRAQ coupled with nanoLC-MS/MS techniques were employed to explore branchial osmoregulatory mechanisms in S. argus acclimated to different salinities. Among 1,604 identified proteins, 796 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected. To further assess osmoregulatory strategies in the gills under different salinities, DEPs related to osmoregulatory (22), non-directional (18), hypo- (52), and hypersaline (40) stress responses were selected. Functional annotation analysis of these selected DEPs indicated that the cellular ion regulation (e.g. Na.sup.+-K.sup.+-ATPase NKA and Na.sup.+-K.sup.+-2Cl.sup.- cotransporter 1 NKCC1) and ATP synthesis were deeply involved in the osmoregulatory process. As an osmoregulatory protein, NKCC1 expression was inhibited under hyposaline stress but showed the opposite trend in hypersaline conditions. The expression levels of NKA alpha1 and beta1 were only increased under hypersaline challenge. However, hyposaline treatments could enhance branchial NKA activity, which was inhibited under hypersaline environments, and correspondingly, reduced ATP content was observed in gill tissues exposed to hyposaline conditions, while its contents were increased in hypersaline groups. In vitro experiments indicated that Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, and Cl.sup.- ions were pumped out of branchial cells under hypoosmotic stress, whereas they were absorbed into cells under hyperosmotic conditions. Based on our results, we speculated that NKCC1-mediated Na.sup.+ influx was inhibited, and proper Na.sup.+ efflux was maintained by improving NKA activity under hyposaline stress, promoting the rapid adaptation of branchial cells to the hyposaline condition. Meanwhile, branchial cells prevented excessive loss of ions by increasing NKA internalization and reducing ATP synthesis. In contrast, excess ions in cells exposed to the hyperosmotic medium were excreted with sufficient energy supply, and reduced NKA activity and enhanced NKCC1-mediated Na.sup.+ influx were considered a compensatory regulation. S. argus exhibited divergent osmoregulatory strategies in the gills when encountering hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic stresses, facilitating effective adaptabilities to a wide range of environmental salinity fluctuation.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this paper, cluster synchronization in finite/fixed time for semi-Markovian switching complex dynamical networks (CDNs) with discontinuous dynamic nodes is studied. Firstly, the global fixed-time ...convergence principle of nonlinear systems with semi-Markovian switching is developed. Secondly, the novel state-feedback controllers, which include discontinuous factors and integral terms, are designed to achieve the global stochastic finite/fixed-time cluster synchronization. In the framework of Filippov stochastic differential inclusion, the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional approach, Takagi-Sugeno(T-S) fuzzy theory, stochastic analysis theory, and inequality analysis techniques are applied, and the global stochastic finite/fixed time synchronization conditions are proposed in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Moreover, the upper bound of the stochastic settling time is explicitly proposed. In addition, the correlations among the obtained results are interpreted analytically. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the correctness of the theoretical results.
To promote the application of bio-materials and provide a direction for their further researches, this paper comprehensively summarizes the research progress of biomaterials in recent years. The ...review results show that bio-oil is a mixture obtained from different biomasses through pyrolysis, alcoholysis, acidolysis, high liquefaction, etc., and those biomasses mainly include wood fiber type, waste oil type and animal manure type. Bio-binder refers to the product of bio-oil processed by distillation, extraction oxidation and polymer modification, and it can be served as a modifier, diluent or substitute material of asphalt; the main chemical components of bio-oil include ethers, esters, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, organic acids, alcohols and sugars. Bio-asphalt is obtained by adding bio-binder into the petroleum asphalt for modification or blending, and the shear temperature and shear rate of bio-asphalt derived from wood fiber type and waste oil type are usually higher than that of bio-asphalt derived from swine manure. Compared with petroleum asphalt, bio-asphalt binder usually shows lower high-temperature performance as well as higher low-temperature performance and aging resistance. Also, bio-asphalt mixture generally exhibits lower high-temperature stability, higher low-temperature crack resistance and water stability than petroleum asphalt mixture. Future studies should be conducted combining with the source, composition, preparation, properties and oil production rate of bio-oil. First, how to raise the bio-binder content in bio-asphalt as much as possible while ensuring the sufficient performance becomes the focus of future researches. Second, the micro reaction mechanism between bio-binder and petroleum asphalt should be illustrated in depth. Moreover, developing a complete and unifying technical standard and application specification of bio-asphalt technology is necessary for future researches. Furthermore, determining the optimum bio-binder potentially used as the substitute of petroleum asphalt is also an interesting topic.
•Bio-binder can improve the high- and low-temperature performance of asphalt.•Bio-asphalt mixture generally exhibits better performance than petroleum asphalt mixture.•The research progress of biomaterials in recent years was summarized.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The method of a designed trajectory tracking for an underactuated unmanned surface vehicle (USV) in the presence of ocean disturbances is addressed in this paper; the differential flatness theory is ...applied to get the reference inputs and speed states at the reference position trajectory. Second, a transition process is arranged for the reference trajectory to reduce the overshoot of the actuator, which caused by the large deviation in the initial tracking. Third, the nonlinear disturbance observer is designed to obtain the estimated values of unknown disturbances in the ocean. Then, a controller-based model predictive control (MPC) and terminal cost function is designed for the nominal system. The inherent robustness of the controller and estimates of the observer are used to resist and compensate disturbances. Finally, the simulation experiments of linear trajectory and sinusoidal trajectories are carried out to prove the effectiveness and reliability of the control algorithm designed.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have a propensity to host a large number of chemical and enzymatical modifications that need to be properly assessed for their potential impact on target ...binding. Traditional strategies of assessing the criticality of these attributes often involve a laborious and low-throughput variant enrichment step prior to binding affinity measurement. Here, we developed a novel competitive binding-based enrichment strategy followed by mass spectrometry analysis (namely, competitive binding-MS) to achieve high-throughput evaluation of potential critical quality attributes in therapeutic mAbs. Leveraging the differences in target binding capability under competitive binding conditions, the criticality of multiple mAb attributes can be simultaneously evaluated by quantitative mass spectrometry analysis. The utility of this new workflow was demonstrated in three mAb case studies, where different post-translational modifications occurring within the complementarity-determining regions were successfully interrogated for their impact on antigen binding. As this workflow does not require prior enrichment (e.g., by forced degradation or liquid chromatography fractionation) of the variants, it is particularly valuable during the mAb candidate developability assessment, where fast turn-around time is highly desired to assist candidate selection.
: ACN: acetonitrile; ADCC: antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; AEX: anion exchange chromatography; bsAb: bispecific antibody; CDC: complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CDR: complementarity-determining region; CML: carboxymethylation; CQA: critical quality attribute; DDA: data-dependent acquisition; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DTT: dithiothreitol; FA: formic acid; Fab: Fragment antigen-binding; FcRn: neonatal Fc receptor; HC: heavy chain; HIC: hydrophobic interaction chromatography; IAA: iodoacetamide; IEX: ion exchange chromatography; LC: light chain; mAb monoclonal antibody; msAb: monospecific antibody; MS: mass spectrometry; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; pI: isoelectric point; PTM: post-translational modification; SCX: strong cation exchange chromatography; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; XIC: extracted ion chromatography.
This paper focuses on the mechanism of rock cutting with conical picks under different confining pressures. First, the 2-dimensional numerical model of rock cutting with two conical picks is ...established by particle flow code software. Then, the basic contents of cutting modes, cutting efficiency, optimal cutting space, rock fragmental size and crack growth ability are studied. Finally, the cutting modes are verified by cutting experiments. According to the results, the confining pressure directly affects the crack growth ability, it presents four basic cutting modes for different crack growth abilities, mode a, mode b, mode c and mode d, respectively. And they influence the cutting efficiency, optimal cutting space, cutting force and crack growth ability. At no confining pressure, the optimal cutting space is 70 mm, the optimal cutting space is 90 mm under 5 MPa and 10 MPa conditions. The research can provide some reference and guidance for continuous miner construction in different confining pressure environments.
After asphalt concrete overlay, the reflection crack in the old pavement remains a great challenge. In order to overcome this problem, here, we report the effect of stress absorbing layer on the ...reflection crack. First, the concrete measures to prevent and reduce reflection cracks at home and abroad are analyzed. Then, the mechanism of the generation and development of reflection cracks is studied, the functional characteristics of stress absorbing layer are analyzed, and the principle of antireflection crack is clarified. Further, the effects of modulus thickness and porosity of stress absorbing layer on the stress of pavement structure layer are discussed. Finally, the effect of the stress absorbing layer on preventing reflective cracks is analyzed by numerical simulation. The analyses show that the stress absorbing layer is a thin asphalt concrete layer with good fatigue resistance and low modulus between the old pavement and asphalt pavement, which delays the expansion of pavement reflection cracks. The stress absorbing layer should have high elasticity and low temperature flexibility, water damage resistance, and interlayer bonding. The simulation results suggest that the modulus of the stress absorbing layer should be 400 MPa∼600 MPa, and the thickness should be 1 cm∼2.5 cm. When the thickness of the stress absorption layer is 2.5 cm, the values of tensile stress σX, equivalent stress σMises and maximum shear stress τMax are 31.7%, 29.2%, and 25.7% lower than those of the layer without addition, respectively. The results demonstrate that the effect of stress reduction is obvious, which plays an important role in preventing or reducing the occurrence of reflective cracks. The designed void ratio of the mixture is between 1% and 2.5% for the indoor permeability resistance test. We believe that these findings have certain guiding significance for theoretical analysis and engineering application of stress absorbing layer.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Directional dithering of a laser beam potentially limits the detection accuracy of a laser triangulation displacement probe. A theoretical analysis indicates that the measurement accuracy will ...linearly decrease as the laser dithering angle increases. To suppress laser dithering, a scheme for reduction of the influence of laser beam directional dithering in a laser triangulation displacement probe, which consists of a collimated red laser, a laser beam pointing control setup, a receiver lens, and a charge-coupled device, is proposed in this paper. The laser beam pointing control setup is inserted into the source laser beam and the measured object and can separate the source laser beam into two symmetrical laser beams. Hence, at the angle at which the source laser beam dithers, the positional averages of the two laser spots are equal and opposite. Moreover, a virtual linear function method is used to maintain a stable average of the positions of the two spots on the imaging side. Experimental results indicate that with laser beam pointing control, the estimated standard deviation of the fitting error decreases from 0.3531 mm to 0.0100 mm , the repeatability accuracy can be lowered from ±7 mm to ±5 μ m , and the nonlinear error can be reduced from ±6 % FS (full scale) to ±0.16 % FS.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Good compatibility between waterborne epoxy resin (WER) modifier and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) latex modified asphalt emulsion (SBRE) is an essential premise for good pavement performance of WER ...and SBR latex compositely modified asphalt emulsion (WSAE). This study aims to explore the compatibility between WER modifier and SBRE. To achieve the goal, several WER modifiers produced by two methods were first selected to modify SBRE, thus the WSAEs were prepared. Next, storage stability and workability of the WSAEs themselves, and high-temperature performance, rheological behavior and temperature sensitivity of their evaporated residues were compared and evaluated via performing a series of experiments, respectively, thus the WER modifier possessing an optimal modification effect was recommended. Results show that the storage stability of WSAEs is sensitive to the amount of WERs. The incorporation of 1% WERs by the mass of SBRE improves the storage stability of SBRE, while WERs that exceed 1% weaken its storage stability. When the WERs reach 3% and 4%, the 5 d storage stability of prepared WSAEs will be beyond the limitation of specification. Incorporating WERs into SBRE negatively affects the workability of SBRE, and the workability of WSAEs is adversely influenced by the WERs content and the storage time. To ensure the construction, the WSAEs with 3% and 4% WERs should not be stored for more than 36 h and 48 h, respectively. The WERs effectively improve the high-temperature performance of SBRE residue, especially the 3% WERs. Besides, the WERs notably enhance the rheological property and thermal stability of SBRE residue. In contrast, the WER modifier produced by chemically modified method has a smaller adverse impact on the storage stability and workability of WSAE, and a larger enhancement on the high-temperature performance, rheological property and thermal stability of SBRE residue, which is thus recommended to modify SBRE.
•The workability of WSAEs is associated with the WERs dosage and the storage time.•WERs enhance the high-temperature, rheological and temperature-sensitive properties of SBRE residue.•The chemically-produced WERs exhibit a superior modification effect.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To verify the performance of self-developed high viscosity modified (HVM) asphalt binder with styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) composite modifier, the various branched and linear SBS modifiers with ...different mixing ratios were selected to prepare HVM asphalt binder, and the mix proportion of SBS modifier in HVM asphalt binder was also optimized. The fluorescence microscope, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test, bending beam rheometer (BBR) test, improved boiling water test and viscosity test were used in this study, and the different properties of HVM asphalt binder with SBS composite modifier, HVM asphalt binder with linear SBS modifier, HVM asphalt binder with Tafpack-super (TPS) modifier (TPS-HVM asphalt binder) and HVM asphalt binder with SINOTPS modifier (SINOTPS-HVM asphalt binder) were evaluated. The results show that the mixing ratio of linear SBS modifier and branched SBS modifier in the composite modifier is 2:1, the dispersible uniformity and road performance of HVM asphalt binder with the composite modifier are better, and the modification of composite modifier with SBS-1301 and SBS-4303 modifier is greater than LG-501 and LG-411, LCY-3501 and LCY-3411. The performance of HVM asphalt binder with the composite modifier was significantly influenced by the mix proportion and structure of SBS modifier. The dispersion effect of SBS modifier is superior to TPS and SINOTPS additive. The high-temperature performance, adhesion and viscosity of HVM asphalt binder can be increased by addition of SBS composite modifier, but the low-temperature performance of HVM asphalt binder is decreased slightly. The flexibility of HVM asphalt binder with linear SBS modifier at low temperature is better than SBS composite modifier. Compared to TPS-HVM and SINOTPS-HVM asphalt binder, the low-temperature performance and adhesion of HVM asphalt binder with SBS composite modifier are relatively good, while the viscosity of HVM asphalt binder with SBS composite modifier under high temperature is lower. The elasticity of different HVM asphalt binders decreases in order SINOTPS-HVM asphalt binder, HVM asphalt binder with SBS composite modifier and TPS-HVM asphalt binder. This study will be provided more options for the asphalt binder of porous asphalt pavement and steel deck pavement.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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