Summary
Seed germination is a complex process involving various physical and biochemical cues, determined by exogenous and endogenous factors. Here, we identified a gene, OsMFT2, that negatively ...regulates seed germination in rice. OsMFT2 knock‐out lines exhibited pre‐harvest sprouting, whereas OsMFT2 overexpression lines showed delayed germination. RNA expression profiling showed that OsMFT2 was specifically expressed in seeds. Subcellular localization indicated that OsMFT2 was a nuclear protein. Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment of imbibed seeds and seedlings indicated that OsMFT2 altered ABA sensitivity during seed germination and post‐germination growth. In vivo and in vitro assays showed that three bZIP transcription factors, OsbZIP23, OsbZIP66 and OsbZIP72, interacted with OsMFT2. OsbZIP23/66/72 bound to the promoter of Rab16A, a typical gene containing the ABA‐responsive element, and OsMFT2 enhanced the binding to the Rab16A promoter. Moreover, several ABA‐responsive genes were differentially expressed in the imbibed seeds of OsMFT2 transgenic lines and the wild type. The performance of the transgenic plants demonstrated that overexpressing OsbZIP23 rescued the pre‐harvest sprouting phenotype and the decrease in ABA‐signaling genes expression caused by OsMFT2 knock‐out. All of these results demonstrate that OsMFT2 positively regulates ABA‐responsive genes through interacting with OsbZIP23/66/72 and functions in seed germination.
Significance Statement
Our findings revealed a novel gene responsible for the regulation of seed germination and established a relationship between OsMFT2 and ABA signaling. These findings enrich our knowledge concerning the regulatory network of seed germination and ABA signaling in rice and provide new insights for understanding the role of PEBP proteins, which act as transcription co‐factors.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Co3O4 with three different crystal plane structures – cubes bounded by {001}planes, truncated octahedra enclosed by {111} and {001} planes, and octahedra with exposed {111}planes – is synthesized ...using a very simple one‐step hydrothermal method. The three kinds of Co3O4 exhibit significantly different electrochemical performances and the effect of different exposed crystal planes on the electrochemical performance of Co3O4 is comprehensively studied.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
New zircon U–Pb dating results on the Carboniferous–Permian volcanic rocks in the northern margin of the North China block (NCB) indicate their eruption during the Early Carboniferous to Late Permian ...from 347±3Ma to 258±1Ma and a slight decrease of the upper limits of the volcanic sequences from west to east. They have a main rock association of basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, rhyolite, tuff, and tufaceous sandstone. Most of them have calc-alkaline compositions and exhibit variable SiO2 contents from 48.2wt.% to 77.1wt.%. There is no significant gap between the mafic and felsic volcanic rocks in major and trace element classification diagrams, indicating that they are not bimodal in composition. The Carboniferous–Permian volcanic rocks exhibit subduction-related geochemical features such as negative Nb and Ta anomalies of mafic to intermediate rocks on primitive mantle-normalized diagrams, indicating they were formed in an Andean-type continental arc during southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic plate beneath the northern NCB. However, their wide range of whole-rock Sr–Nd and zircon Hf isotopic compositions indicate that their source areas are very complex and different sources were involved in generation of these volcanic rocks. Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic results show that the basalt and some andesite were produced by fractional crystallization of mafic magma derived from partial melting of mantle wedge and subducted oceanic crust; however, most of the intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks were derived from partial melting of lower continental crust. There is an increasing input of crustal materials from the Carboniferous to Permian as indicated by increasing volumes of felsic volcanic rocks in the volcanic sequences. The results show that origin of the continental arc volcanism is very complex and both materials from the subducted oceanic crust and sediments, mantle wedge and arc continental crust could be involved in their generation. For the Permian andesite, dacite and rhyolitic volcanic rocks, there is a striking correlation between their Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions and those of the underlying basement. Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic differences between the Permian intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks from either side of the northern boundary fault of the North China craton suggest that mixture and homogenization of the magmas in the melting–assimilation–storage–hybridization (MASH) zone within this continental arc was incomplete, and incomplete homogenization of magmas is likely a common feature of many MASH zones within continental arcs. Our results on the volcanic rocks also show that the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean along the Solonker Suture Zone has not been finished prior to the Middle Permian and the decease of the Paleo-Asian oceanic subduction beneath the northern NCB in its middle-western parts is a little earlier than that in its eastern part.
•Eruption of volcanic rocks occurred during C1 to P3 from 347±3Ma to 258±1Ma.•Involvement of subducted oceanic crust, mantle wedge and continental crust in generation of continental arc volcanic rocks•Incomplete homogenization of magmas in the MASH zones within continental arcs•Oblique closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean from west to east during P2–3 to P3–T1
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The dispensable genome of a species, consisting of the dispensable sequences present only in a subset of individuals, is believed to play important roles in phenotypic variation and genome evolution. ...However, construction of the dispensable genome is costly and labor-intensive at present, and so the influence of the dispensable genome in genetic and functional genomic studies has not been fully explored.
We construct the dispensable genome of rice through a metagenome-like de novo assembly strategy based on low-coverage (1-3×) sequencing data of 1483 cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) accessions. Thousands of protein-coding genes are successfully assembled, including most of the known agronomically important genes absent from the Nipponbare rice reference genome. We develop an integration approach based on alignment and linkage disequilibrium, which is able to assign genomic positions relative to the reference genome for more than 78.2 % of the dispensable sequences. We carry out association mapping studies for rice grain width and 840 metabolic traits using 0.46 million polymorphisms between the dispensable sequences of different rice accessions. About 23.5 % of metabolic traits have more significant association signals with polymorphisms from dispensable sequences than with SNPs from the reference genome, and 41.6 % of trait-associated SNPs have concordant genomic locations with associated dispensable sequences.
Our results suggest the feasibility of building a species' dispensable genome using low-coverage population sequencing data. The constructed sequences will be helpful for understanding the rice dispensable genome and are complementary to the reference genome for identifying candidate genes associated with phenotypic variation.
Tissue clearing technique enables visualization of opaque organs and tissues in 3-dimensions (3-D) by turning tissue transparent. Current tissue clearing methods are restricted by limited types of ...tissues that can be cleared with each individual protocol, which inevitably led to the presence of blind-spots within whole body or body parts imaging. Hard tissues including bones and teeth are still the most difficult organs to be cleared. In addition, loss of endogenous fluorescence remains a major concern for solvent-based clearing methods. Here, we developed a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-associated solvent system (PEGASOS), which rendered nearly all types of tissues transparent and preserved endogenous fluorescence. Bones and teeth could be turned nearly invisible after clearing. The PEGASOS method turned the whole adult mouse body transparent and we were able to image an adult mouse head composed of bones, teeth, brain, muscles, and other tissues with no blind areas. Hard tissue transparency enabled us to reconstruct intact mandible, teeth, femur, or knee joint in 3-D. In addition, we managed to image intact mouse brain at sub-cellular resolution and to trace individual neurons and axons over a long distance. We also visualized dorsal root ganglions directly through vertebrae. Finally, we revealed the distribution pattern of neural network in 3-D within the marrow space of long bone. These results suggest that the PEGASOS method is a useful tool for general biomedical research.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Strain sensors with good stability are vital to the development of wearable healthcare monitoring systems. However, the design of strain sensor with both duration stability and environmental ...stability is still a challenge. In this work, we propose an ultra-stable and washable strain sensor by embedding a coupled composite film of carbon nanotube (CNT) and Ti
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MXene into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. The composite strain sensor with embedded microstructure and uneven surface makes it conformal to skin, while the CNT/MXene sensing layer exhibits a resistance sensitive to strain. This sensor shows reliable responses at different frequencies and with long-term cycling durability (over 1,000 cycles). Meanwhile, the CNT/MXene/PDMS composite strain sensor provides the advantages of superior anti-interference to temperature change and water washing. The results demonstrate less than 10% resistance changes as the temperature rises from −20 to 80 °C or after sonication in water for 120 min, respectively. The composite sensor is applied to monitor human joint motions, such as bending of finger, wrist and elbow. Moreover, the simultaneous monitoring of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal and joint movement while riding a sports bicycle is demonstrated, enabling the great potential of the as-fabricated sensor in real-time human healthcare monitoring.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Rice cultivars have been adapted to favorable ecological regions and cropping seasons. Although several heading date genes have separately made contributions to this adaptation, the roles of gene ...combinations are still unclear.
We employed a map-based cloning approach to isolate a heading date gene, which coordinated the interaction between Ghd7 and Ghd8 to greatly delay rice heading. We resequenced these three genes in a germplasm collection to analyze natural variation.
Map-based cloning demonstrated that the gene largely affecting the interaction between Ghd7 and Ghd8 was Hd1. Natural variation analysis showed that a combination of loss-offunction alleles of Ghd7, Ghd8 and Hd1 contributes to the expansion of rice cultivars to higher latitudes; by contrast, a combination of pre-existing strong alleles of Ghd7, Ghd8 and functional Hd1 (referred as SSF) is exclusively found where ancestral Asian cultivars originated. Other combinations have comparatively larger favorable ecological scopes and acceptable grain yield.
Our results indicate that the combinations of Ghd7, Ghd8 and Hd1 largely define the ecogeographical adaptation and yield potential in rice cultivars. Breeding varieties with the SSF combination are recommended for tropical regions to fully utilize available energy and light resources and thus produce greater yields.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells and demyelination of nerves. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the ...pathogenesis of MS, as studies have shown abnormalities in mitochondrial activities, metabolism, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels, and mitochondrial morphology in immune cells of individuals with MS. The presence of mitochondrial dysfunctions in immune cells contributes to immunological dysregulation and neurodegeneration in MS. This review provided a comprehensive overview of mitochondrial dysfunction in immune cells associated with MS, focusing on the potential consequences of mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming on immune function. Current challenges and future directions in the field of immune-metabolic MS and its potential as a therapeutic target were also discussed.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cross-view geo-localization of satellite and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) imagery has attracted extensive attention due to its tremendous potential for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ...denied navigation. However, inadequate feature representation across different views coupled with positional shifts and distance-scale uncertainty are key challenges. Most of the existing research mainly focused on extracting comprehensive and fine-grained information, yet effective feature representation and alignment should be imposed equal importance. In this article, we propose an innovative transformer-based pipeline TransFG for robust cross-view image matching, which incorporates feature aggregation (FA) and gradient guidance (GG) module. TransFG synergically takes advantage of FA and GG, achieving an effective balance in feature representation and alignment. Specifically, the proposed FA module implicitly learns salient features and dynamically aggregates contextual features from the vision transformer (ViT). The proposed GG module uses the gradient information of local features to further enhance the cross-view feature representation and aligns specific instances across different views. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our pipeline outperforms existing methods in cross-view geo-localization. It achieves an impressive improvement in R@1 and AP than the state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. The code has been released at https://github.com/happyboy1234/TransFG .
•The prognosis of critical cases of COVID-19 might be changed if a timely intervention of EBP was performed.•EBP may help to attenuate the progression of ARDS.•Evaluating FDPs as a sensitive marker ...of injury and prognosis of COVID-19 is warranted.
COVID-19 associated cytokine storm could rapidly induce ARDS, and the patients would require mechanical ventilation. However, the prognosis was not that optimistic. The outcome might be changed if the timely intervention of EBP was performed. We present a case of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection who recovered from a cytokine storm.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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