This paper proposes and simulates an integrated autonomous vehicle (AV) and public transportation (PT) system. After discussing the attributes of and the interaction among the prospective ...stakeholders in the system, we identify opportunities for synergy between AVs and the PT system based on Singapore’s organizational structure and demand characteristics. Envisioning an integrated system in the context of the first-mile problem during morning peak hours, we propose to preserve high demand bus routes while repurposing low-demand bus routes and using shared AVs as an alternative. An agent-based supply-side simulation is built to assess the performance of the proposed service in fifty-two scenarios with different fleet sizes and ridesharing preferences. Under a set of assumptions on AV operation costs and dispatching algorithms, the results show that the integrated system has the potential of enhancing service quality, occupying fewer road resources, being financially sustainable, and utilizing bus services more efficiently.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Traffic congestion, dominated by single-occupancy vehicles, reflects not only transportation system inefficiency and negative externalities but also a sociological state of human isolation. Advances ...in information and communication technology are enabling the growth of real-time ridesharing to improve system efficiency. While most ridesharing algorithms optimize fellow passenger matching based on efficiency criteria (maximum number of paired trips, minimum total vehicle-time, or vehicle-distance traveled), very few explicitly consider passengers' preference for their peers as the matching objective. The existing literature either considers the bipartite driver-passenger matching problem, which is structurally different from the monopartite passenger-passenger matching, or only considers the passenger-passenger problem in a simplified one-origin-multiple-destination setting. We formulate a general monopartite passenger matching model in a road network and illustrate the model by pairing 301 430 taxi trips in Manhattan in two scenarios: one considering 1000 randomly generated preference orders and the other considering four sets of group-based preference orders. In both scenarios, compared with efficiency-based matching models, preference-based matching improves the average ranking of paired fellow passenger to the near-top position of people's preference orders with only a small efficiency loss at the individual level and a moderate loss at the aggregate level. The near-top-ranking results fall in a narrow range even with the random variance of passenger preference as inputs.
•Methods are proposed for prediction of individual trip making and trip attributes.•A Bayesian n-gram model is developed for trip attribute prediction.•The methods are tested using transit smart card ...data of 10,000 users in London.•Prediction accuracies vary by attribute with time harder to predict than location.•Significant variations are found across users in terms of prediction performance.
For intelligent urban transportation systems, the ability to predict individual mobility is crucial for personalized traveler information, targeted demand management, and dynamic system operations. Whereas existing methods focus on predicting the next location of users, little is known regarding the prediction of the next trip. The paper develops a methodology for predicting daily individual mobility represented as a chain of trips (including the null set, no travel), each defined as a combination of the trip start time t, origin o, and destination d. To predict individual mobility, we first predict whether the user will travel (trip making prediction), and then, if so, predict the attributes of the next trip (t,o,d) (trip attribute prediction). Each of the two problems can be further decomposed into two subproblems based on the triggering event. For trip attribute prediction, we propose a new model, based on the Bayesian n-gram model used in language modeling, to estimate the probability distribution of the next trip conditional on the previous one. The proposed methodology is tested using the pseudonymized transit smart card records from more than 10,000 users in London, U.K. over two years. Based on regularized logistic regression, our trip making prediction models achieve median accuracy levels of over 80%. The prediction accuracy for trip attributes varies by the attribute considered—around 40% for t, 70–80% for o and 60–70% for d. Relatively, the first trip of the day is more difficult to predict. Significant variations are found across individuals in terms of the model performance, implying diverse travel behavior patterns.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Beyond their functional purpose, cars are often considered a status symbol. There may exist a certain level of pride associated with owning and using cars, particularly in regions where motorization ...is rapidly growing. However, there is little empirical evidence in terms of how car pride is related to different behavioral aspects, such as car ownership and use, especially in the context of developing countries. This paper presents an exploration of car pride and its association with car-related behavior. In this work, car pride is defined as the self-conscious emotion derived from the appraisal of owning and using cars as a positive self-representation. It pertains to both the symbolic and affective functions of the car. Using survey data (n = 1389) from Shanghai, China, we empirically measure car pride as a latent variable based on five Likert-scale statements and test the association of car pride with car use, vehicle preferences, and car ownership. Based on two structural equation models, we show that: (1) car pride is positively correlated with car use; (2) car pride correlates significantly with owning newer, more expensive, and luxury cars, and Shanghai’s more expensive local car licenses; (3) car owners in general have higher car pride than non-owners; and (4) car pride is largely independent of one’s socio-economic characteristics. Although the analysis focuses on Shanghai, the findings of the positive correlation between car pride and behavior are consistent with prior studies in developed countries. These findings highlight the importance of car pride regarding multiple behavioral aspects of car ownership and use and its potential impact on mobility management.
•300km long deep seismic reflection profile was shot over the world-class metallogenic belts.•Diversified deformation patterns were observed in the crust and upper mantle.•“Crocodile” reflection ...structures were defined and the intra-continental subduction was inferred.•A dynamic model was proposed to explain the deep processes that responsible for the formation of the metallogenic belt.
A 300km long seismic reflection profile was acquired across the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (MLY) metallogenic belt and its adjacent areas. The objective of the survey was to establish the deep architecture and geodynamic framework of the region. Results based on the interpretation of the deep seismic data include (1) Tan-Lu fault appears as a subvertical thrust fault or transpression fault with its deep portion dipping toward the southeast; (2) the Zhangbaling uplift is squeezed out along this fault; (3) complex upper crustal deformation structures beneath the Chuquan depression include both kink bands, thrusts, imbrication and fold structures reflecting contraction deformation, and detachment fault and normal-fault structures reflecting extensional deformation; (4) the “crocodile” reflection structure emerging beneath the Tan-Lu fault and Ningwu–Lishui volcanic basin, which represents the decoupled deformation process of the upper and lower crust associated with intra-continental subduction; (5) further to the southeast, the upper crust deformation shows a large-scale “wave-form” pattern, making crustal scale syncline and anticline; (6) the entire section of the reflection Moho is clearly discernible at depth of 30.0–34.5km, and the Moho beneath the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River metallogenic belt is shallowest, while the Moho beneath the North China block is deeper than that beneath the Yangtze block. The Moho offsets could be seen beneath the Ningwu volcanic basin.
The seismic reflection data suggest that lithosphere delamination and asthenosphere upwelling that may result from the Mesozoic intra-continental orogenesis is responsible for the formation of large scale magmatism and mineralization in the MLY metallogenic belt.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
The identification of markers expressed by pathological cells or their microenvironment would help to distinguish such cells from the normal tissues. The strategies derived from this theory can be a ...promising modality for imaging and treating diseases. LyP-1, a tumor homing peptide, can selectively bind to its receptor p32 protein overexpressed in various tumor-associated cells and atherosclerotic plaque macrophages. During recent decades, multiple types of LyP-1-based imaging probes and drug delivery systems have been designed and developed for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review first introduces LyP-1 and its receptor p32, as well as its homing, internalization and proapoptotic properties. Next, we highlight recent studies focusing on the applications of LyP-1-based strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, metastatic lesions, and atherosclerotic plaques. Finally, several limitations in the clinical translation of LyP-1-based bioconjugates are summarized.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Background 99m Tc radiolabeled nanobody NM-02 ( 99m Tc-NM-02) is a novel single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) probe with a high affinity and specificity for human epidermal ...growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). In this study, a clinical imaging trial was conducted to investigate the relationship between 99m Tc-NM-02 uptake and HER2 expression in patients with breast cancer. Methods Thirty patients with pathologically confirmed breast cancer were recruited and imaged with both 99m Tc-NM-02 SPECT/computed tomography (CT) and 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT. According to the treatment conditions before recruitment, patients were divided into two groups, the newly diagnosed group ( n = 24) and the treated group ( n = 6). The maximal standard uptake value (SUV max ) of 18 F-FDG and SUV max and mean SUV (SUV mean ) of 99m Tc-NM-02 in the lesions were determined to analyze the relationship with HER2 expression. Results No meaningful relationship was observed between 18 F-FDG uptake and HER2 expression in 30 patients with breast cancer. 99m Tc-NM-02 uptake was positively correlated with HER2 expression in the newly diagnosed group, but no correlation was observed in the treated group. 99m Tc-NM-02 uptake in HER2-positive lesions was lower in those with effective HER2-targeted therapy compared with the newly diagnosed group. 99m Tc-NM-02 SPECT/CT detected brain and bone metastases of breast cancer with a different imaging pattern from 18 F-FDG PET/CT. 99m Tc-NM-02 showed no non-specific uptake in inflamed tissues and revealed intra- and intertumoral HER2 heterogeneity by SPECT/CT imaging in 9 of the 30 patients with breast cancer. Conclusions 99m Tc-NM-02 SPECT/CT has the potential for visualizing whole-body HER2 overexpression in untreated patients, making it a promising method for HER2 assessment in patients with breast cancer. Trial registration NCT04674722, Date of registration: December 19, 2020.
Selective inhibition of the intrinsic coagulation pathway is a promising strategy for developing safer anticoagulants that do not cause serious bleeding. Intrinsic tenase, the final and rate-limiting ...enzyme complex in the intrinsic coagulation pathway, is an attractive but less explored target for anticoagulants due to the lack of a pure selective inhibitor. Fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (FG), which has a distinct but complicated and ill-defined structure, is a potent natural anticoagulant with nonselective and adverse activities. Herein we present a range of oligosaccharides prepared via the deacetylationâdeaminative cleavage of FG. Analysis of these purified oligosaccharides reveals the precise structure of FG. Among these fragments, nonasaccharide is the minimum fragment that retains the potent selective inhibition of the intrinsic tenase while avoiding the adverse effects of native FG. In vivo, the nonasaccharide shows 97% inhibition of venous thrombus at a dose of 10 mg/kg in rats and has no obvious bleeding risk. This nonasaccharide may therefore serve as a novel promising anticoagulant.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Malignant glioma is the most common and deadliest brain cancer due to the obstacle from indistinct tumor margins for surgical excision and blood brain barrier (BBB) for chemotherapy. Here, we ...designed and prepared multifunctional polyethylenimine-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au PENPs) for targeted SPECT/CT imaging and radionuclide therapy of glioma.
Polyethylenimine was selected as a template for sequential modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG), glioma-specific peptide (chlorotoxin, CTX) and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid-OSu (HPAO), and were then used to entrap gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). After
I radiolabeling via HPAO, the
I-labeded CTX-functionalized Au PENPs as a multifunctional glioma-targeting nanoprobe were generated. Before
I radiolabeling, the CTX-functionalized Au PENPs exhibited a uniform size distribution, favorable X-ray attenuation property, desired water solubility, and cytocompatibility in the given Au concentration range. The
I-labeled CTX-functionalized Au PENPs showed high radiochemical purity and stability, and could be used as a nanoprobe for the targeted SPECT/CT imaging and radionuclide therapy of glioma cells in vitro and in vivo in a subcutaneous tumor model. Owing to the unique biological properties of CTX, the developed nanoprobe was able to cross the BBB and specifically target glioma cells in a rat intracranial glioma model.
Our results indicated that the formed nanosystem had the significant potential to be applied for glioma targeted diagnosis and therapy.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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