Land surface temperature (LST) is an important parameter associated with the land-atmosphere interface. Satellite remote sensing is the most effective method of measuring LST at regional and global ...scales. Satellite thermal infrared (TIR) measurements are widely used to retrieve LST with high accuracy and high spatial resolution but are limited to cloud-free conditions due to their inability to penetrate clouds. By contrast, satellite passive microwave (PMW) measurements are capable of penetrating clouds and providing data regardless of the cloud conditions. However, PMW measurements have limitations, such as a low spatial resolution and low temperature retrieval accuracy. Furthermore, temperature retrieval from PMW measurements yields the subsurface temperature, which differs from the LST retrieved from TIR measurements (skin temperature). This study proposes a framework for the retrieval of all-weather LST at a high spatial resolution by combining the advantages of TIR and PMW measurements. Compared to the MODIS LST product, the all-weather LST reflects the spatial variations in LST accurately. In situ LST measurements at four sites in an arid area of northwest China were used to evaluate the accuracy of the all-weather LST. The root mean square error of the LST under cloud-free conditions was approximately 2K, whereas that of the LST under cloudy conditions varied from 3.5K to 4.4K. The results indicate that the all-weather LST retrieval algorithm can provide an LST dataset with reasonable accuracy and a high spatial resolution under clear and cloudy conditions.
•We propose a framework for an all-weather LST retrieval algorithm.•The algorithm combines the advantages of TIR and PMW measurements.•The all-weather LST accurately reflects the spatial variations in LST.•The all-weather LST was evaluated using in situ LST measurements.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms and can be transmitted between individuals and populations thus threatening the general public health and potentially the economy. ...Efficient diagnostic tools are needed to provide accurate and timely guidance for case identification, transmission disruption and appropriate treatment administration. Point of care (POC) tests provide actionable results near the patient and thereby serve as a personal “radar”. In this review, we review clinical needs for POC testing for several major pathogens, including malaria parasites, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), dengue, Ebola and Zika viruses and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). We compare different molecular approaches, including pathogen nucleic acid and protein, circulating microRNA and antibodies, used in the POC tests. Finally, we review recent advances in novel POC technologies focusing on microfluidic and plasmonic-based approaches.
•POCT plays critical roles in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases.•Simple, accurate, multiplex and widely accessible POC tests are needed for many major pathogens.•POCT technologies have advanced significantly in the past decade, including microfluidics and plasmonics.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Molecule‐based magnetic materials are useful candidates as the spin qubit due to their long coherence time and high designability. The anisotropy of the g‐values of the metal complexes can be ...utilized to access the individual spin of the metal complexes, making it possible to achieve the scalable molecular spin qubit. For this goal, it is important to evaluate the effect of g‐value anisotropy on the magnetic relaxation behaviour. This study reports the slow magnetic relaxation behaviour of chromium nitride (CrN2+) porphyrinato complex (1), which is structurally and magnetically similar with the vanadyl (VO2+) porphyrinato complex (2) which is known as the excellent spin qubit. Detailed analyses for vibrational and dynamical magnetism of 1 and 2 revealed that g‐value anisotropy accelerates magnetic relaxations greater than the internal magnetic field from nuclear spin does. These results provide a design criterion for construction of multiple spin qubit based on g‐tensor engineering.
Detailed analyses for vibrational and dynamical magnetism of chromium nitride (CrN2−)‐porphyrinato complex revealed that g‐value anisotropy accelerates magnetic relaxations greater than the internal magnetic field from nuclear spin does.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A high average
ZT
value (
ZT
ave
) of ∼1.13 in an n-type PbSe-based thermoelectric material at 300-873 K has been achieved in this work. Its high thermoelectric performance originates from ultrahigh ...carrier mobility in the whole working temperature range through synergistically tuning the carrier effective mass, carrier density and microstructure. To maximize the carrier mobility in n-type PbSe, the conduction band shape is firstly optimized through SnS alloying to lower the carrier effective mass, which can benefit a high carrier mobility. Moreover, the carrier density is reoptimized to match its lowered carrier effective mass with Cu interstitial doping, and the suppressed carrier-carrier scattering can further enhance its carrier mobility, leading to a maximum carrier mobility of ∼6081 cm
2
V
−1
S
−1
and a maximum power factor of ∼26.1 μW cm
−1
K
−2
at 300 K in PbSe-18%SnS-0.5%Cu. Additionally, the microstructure observation reveals that the intrinsically layered SnS phase can be endotaxially embedded as cubic SnS nanocrystals to form semi-coherent phase boundaries in a PbSe matrix, which also plays a significant role in maintaining carrier transmission and simultaneously blocking phonons. With these well optimized carrier and phonon transport properties, the room-temperature
ZT
value reaches ∼0.6 and continuously increases to ∼1.6 at 773 K in n-type PbSe-18%SnS-0.5%Cu. This remarkably enhanced thermoelectric performance in this work outperforms that of previously reported n-type PbSe-based materials.
Carrier mobility is a key parameter for thermoelectric performance. A high average
ZT
value of ∼1.13 can be achieved in n-type PbSe-18%SnS-0.5%Cu at 300-873 K through the rational optimization of carrier mobility.
The ongoing vertical phase-mixing, manifesting itself as a snail shell in the phase space, has been discovered with Gaia DR2 data. To better understand the origin and properties of the phase-mixing ...process, we study the vertical phase-mixing signatures in arches (including the classical "moving groups") of the phase space near the solar circle. Interestingly, the phase space snail shell exists only in the arches with km s−1, i.e., stars on dynamically "colder" orbits. The snail shell becomes much weaker and eventually disappears for increasingly larger radial action (JR), quantifying the "hotness" of orbits. Thus, one should pay closer attention to the colder orbits in future phase-mixing studies. We also confirm that the Hercules stream has two branches (at fast and slow Vφ), which may not be explained by a single mechanism, since only the fast branch shows the prominent snail shell feature. The hotter orbits may have phase-wrapped away already due to the much larger dynamical range in radial variation to facilitate faster phase-mixing. To explain the lack of a well-defined snail shell in the hotter orbits, the disk should have been perturbed at least 500 Myr ago. Our results offer more support to the recent satellite-disk encounter scenario than the internal bar-buckling perturbation scenario as the origin of the phase space mixing. The origin of the more prominent snail shell in the Vφ color-coded phase space is also discussed.
Thermoelectric materials possess the potential for refrigeration and power generation due to their ability to directly convert heat and electricity. Carrier mobility and the Seebeck coefficient are ...key properties of thermoelectric materials. Improving the effective mass is the most effective and frequent way to optimize the Seebeck coefficient. However, carrier mobility deteriorates dramatically with increasing effective mass and thus limits further improvement of thermoelectric performance. Here, the focus is on the importance of modifying the scattering factor (r) to enhance the electrical properties, and it is found that the anisotropic scattering factor enhances the carrier mobility and Seebeck coefficient of anion‐doped n‐type tin selenide crystals along the out‐of‐plane direction, indicating the potential of modifying r to improve electrical properties. Following this strategy, the average dimensionless figure of merit (ZTave) for iodine‐doped SnSe crystals is significantly improved from 0.84 to 1.57 in 300–773 K. The results emphasize the critical role of scattering factor and propose a new perspective for enhancing carrier mobility, providing a novel strategy to optimize thermoelectric performance.
The anisotropic charge density in layered materials acts as a subordinate scattering process that participates in electron scattering. The resulting anisotropic scattering factor leads to superior electrical properties along the out‐of‐plane direction compared to in‐plane direction in anion‐doped n‐type SnSe crystals, indicating the potential of modifying r to improve the thermoelectric performance.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•LUCC simulation and ecological security prediction were combined.•Three development scenarios were simulated for the PRD urban agglomeration in 2025.•Spatial autocorrelation analysis was applied to ...examine the regional ES pattern.•Eco-functional zones was proposed to optimize the ES pattern of the PRD.
In the past four decades, China has achieved tremendous economic success, but it has also faced serious ecological security (ES) problems. The land use/cover change (LUCC) plays a decisive role in the issue of ES. LUCC and ES evaluation were combined by predicting the change in land use and simulating ES pattern. Taking the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration (PRD) as the study area, the temporal changes of land use were predicted by the CA-Markov model, and the land use pattern in three different scenarios in 2025 was simulated. Based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, the ES evaluation of the PRD in 2005, 2010 and 2015 was carried out, and the safety level dropped from 75.39% to 66.67% in this period. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed by the GeoDA to reflect the dynamic of ES pattern of the PRD, which suggested that there is greater heterogeneity within the PRD, and the homogenous sub-region continues to increase. Through change the transition probability among different land use types, three scenarios were set: Inertial development, Over expansion, and Ecological protection scenario, which showed that the expansion of construction land (accounting for 18.58%, 20.12% and 17.93% respectively) must occupy agricultural and forest lands and lead to decrease on ES level, the safety level are accounting for 79.07%, 78.30% and 79.95% in the three scenarios respectively. The ES pattern of the PRD was described, the central sub-region of the PRD with high urbanization have relative low ES, and the periphery sub-regions with good ecological order have high ES level, there are more than 63.59% and less than 4.06% of unsafety level of Dongguan and Zhaoqing respectively, which are both the representative city of these two sub-regions. Based on the spatial-temporal dynamic of urban ES, the optimized ES pattern of the PRD was proposed, three eco-functional zones were determined: ecological conservation zone, living environment guarantee zone and ecological restoration zone. The eco-functional zones have defined the leading ecological functions of each sub-region and could gradually improve the integrity and connectivity of the entire ecosystem of the PRD, which provides valuable knowledge for understanding and planning regional city management.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in lymphoma progression by regulating tumor cell interaction with microenvironment. MiR155 is overexpressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and its biological ...effect on tumor microenvironment needs to be futher investigated.
MiR155 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR in patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL. The mechanism of action of miR155 on lymphoma progression and tumor microenvironment was examined in vitro in B-lymphoma cell lines and in vivo in a murine xenograft model.
Serum miR155 was significantly elevated, correlated with tumor miR155 expression, and indicated poor disease outcome in DLBCL. MiR155 overexpression was associated with decreased peripheral blood CD8+T cells and inhibition of T-cell receptor signaling. Of note, EBV-positive patients showed higher serum miR155 than EBV-negative patients. In co-culture systems of B-lymphoma cells with immune cells, miR155 induced Fas-mediated apoptosis of CD8+T cells, which could be targeted by anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Moreover, miR155 enhanced lymphoma cell PD-L1 expression, recruited CD8+T cells by PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and inhibited CD8+T cell function via dephosphorylating AKT and ERK. MiR155-induced AKT/ERK inactivation was more obvious in CD8+T cells co-cultured with EBV-infected B-lymphoma cells. In vivo in a murine xenograft model established with subcutaneous injection of A20 cells, PD-L1 blockade particularly retarded miR155-overexpressing tumor growth, consistent with maintenance of CD8+T cells and their function.
As a oncogenic biomarker of B-cell lymphoma, serum miR155 was related to lymphoma progression through modulating PD-1/PD-L1-mediated interaction with CD8+T cells of tumor microenvironment, indicating the sensitivity of B-cell lymphoma to PD-L1 blockade. Also CD8+T cells could be a therapeutic mediator of immune checkpoint inhibitors in treating EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A simple, new type of chiral sulfinamide monophosphines, the so‐called Ming‐Phos ligands, is reported; these ligands could be easily prepared from inexpensive and commercially available starting ...materials. The Ming‐Phos ligands performed well in the enantioselective gold‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction of 2‐(1‐alkynyl)‐alk‐2‐en‐1‐ones with nitrones. Both enantiomers of the products could be obtained in good yields and with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity through transformations that were catalyzed by gold complexes derived from two diastereomers of Ming‐Phos ligand M5 (Ar=1‐naphthyl).
Ming‐Phos: A new type of simple chiral sulfinamide monophosphine ligands, the so‐called Ming‐Phos ligands, can be easily prepared from inexpensive and commercially available starting materials. The enantioselectivity of the reaction of yne–enones 1 with nitrones could be controlled by the diastereomeric ligands (R,RS)‐M5 and (S,RS)‐M5.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
