In this paper, we consider the connected target coverage (CTC) problem with the objective of maximizing the network lifetime by scheduling sensors into multiple sets, each of which can maintain both ...target coverage and connectivity among all the active sensors and the sink. We model the CTC problem as a maximum cover tree (MCT) problem and prove that the MCT problem is NP-Complete. We determine an upper bound on the network lifetime for the MCT problem and then develop a (1+ w ) H (M circ) approximation algorithm to solve it, where w is an arbitrarily small number, H (M circ)= 1 lesilesM circ (1/i) and M circ is the maximum number of targets in the sensing area of any sensor. As the protocol cost of the approximation algorithm may be high in practice, we develop a faster heuristic algorithm based on the approximation algorithm called Communication Weighted Greedy Cover (CWGC) algorithm and present a distributed implementation of the heuristic algorithm. We study the performance of the approximation algorithm and CWGC algorithm by comparing them with the lifetime upper bound and other basic algorithms that consider the coverage and connectivity problems independently. Simulation results show that the approximation algorithm and CWGC algorithm perform much better than others in terms of the network lifetime and the performance improvement can be up to 45% than the best-known basic algorithm. The lifetime obtained by our algorithms is close to the upper bound. Compared with the approximation algorithm, the CWGC algorithm can achieve a similar performance in terms of the network lifetime with a lower protocol cost.
In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive overview of C–H activation methods promoted by NHC–transition metal complexes, covering the literature since 2002 (the year of the first report on ...metal–NHC-catalyzed C–H activation) through June 2019, focusing on both NHC ligands and C–H activation methods. This review covers C–H activation reactions catalyzed by group 8 to 11 NHC–metal complexes. Through discussing the role of NHC ligands in promoting challenging C–H activation methods, the reader is provided with an overview of this important area and its crucial role in forging carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds by directly engaging ubiquitous C–H bonds.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
The focus of this study was to investigate the expression status of Circ‐vimentin (VIM) and further analyze its pathogenesis and clinical significance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. ...Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was carried on Circ‐VIM in 113 AML patients and 42 healthy controls. Circ‐VIM was significantly upregulated in AML compared with control and was positively correlated with white blood cells (WBC) count. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the performance of Circ‐VIM expression could serve as a promising biomarker for differentiating AML patients from controls. Significant correlations of Circ‐VIM expression were found with WBC and French–American–British classifications. Survival analyses further showed that over‐expressed Circ‐VIM were associated with markedly shorter overall survival (OS) and leukemia‐free survival (LFS) in whole‐cohort AML, nonacute promyelocytic leukemia AML and cytogenetically normal‐AML patients. Multivariate analysis also disclosed that Circ‐VIM over‐expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for OS and LFS in AML patients. Remarkably, Pearson correlation analysis evidenced that the expression of Circ‐VIM was positively correlated with VIM expression in all AML patients. These results indicated that overexpression Circ‐VIM could serve as a significant biomarker.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in rice response to Magnaporthe oryzae, the causative agent of rice blast disease. Studying the roles of rice miRNAs is of great significance for the disease ...control. Osa‐miR167d belongs to a conserved miRNA family targeting auxin responsive factor (ARF) genes that act in developmental and stress‐induced responses. Here, we show that Osa‐miR167d plays a negative role in rice immunity against M. oryzae by suppressing its target gene. The expression of Osa‐miR167d was significantly suppressed in a resistant accession at and after 24 h post inoculation (hpi), however, its expression was significantly increased at 24 hpi in the susceptible accession upon M. oryzae infection. Transgenic rice lines over‐expressing Osa‐miR167d were highly susceptible to multiple blast fungal strains. By contrast, transgenic lines expressing a target mimicry to block Osa‐miR167d enhanced resistance to rice blast disease. In addition, knocking out the target gene ARF12 led to hyper‐susceptibility to multiple blast fungal strains. Taken together, our results indicate that Osa‐miR167d negatively regulate rice immunity to facilitate the infection of M. oryzae by downregulating ARF12. Thus, Osa‐miR167d‐ARF12 regulatory module could be valuable in improvement of blast‐disease resistance.
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive diseases. Here we demonstrated that rice Osa‐miR167d facilitates the infection of M. oryzae by suppressing ARF12, and ARF12 is required for resistance to the blast disease. Our findings suggest that the Osa‐miR167d‐ARF12 regulatory module is valuable in blast‐disease breeding programs.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
There are increasing instances in which researchers study their migrant co-nationals in one language but report their research findings in another language. This raises significant issues regarding ...the mediating role played by bilingual researcher-translators when translating research data: the decisions they make when bringing the Other’s world to their readers, and the strategies they adopt when making such decisions. These issues of data translation, as well as the unique experiences of the researcher-translators and the valuable knowledge that they generate from this process, have not yet been given adequate attention in the academic literature. In response, this article explores a translation analysis which allows the researcher-translator to reflect in detail on the methodological challenges that researcher-translators are likely to encounter. Introducing Poblete’s five operations of translation, we highlight the processes that the researcher-translator adopts in recognising, reflecting and negotiating with the (un)translatability of culturally embedded linguistic expression. Focusing on International Student Mobility (ISM) as a particular instance of research translation/analysis as cultural mediation, we demonstrate how our intention to attune to students’ own ISM journey in their own language reverberates in the mediation and interventions the researcher-translator conducted through the translation analysis. The article thus emphasises how translating interview scripts as part of the research is more than seeking linguistic correspondence, it is also about understanding non-western lives and life-words through a second-language.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Major progress has recently been made in the challenging redox‐neutral decarbonylative cross‐coupling of carboxylic acids. For example, the use of acid fluorides as effective cross‐coupling partners ...has been found to enable control of the decarbonylation selectivity and facilitates challenging Pd0‐catalyzed nucleophilic trifluoromethylation and exogenous base‐free Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions. In another recent advance, the use of acid chlorides in room temperature difluoromethylation and direct decarbonylative cross‐coupling of carboxylic acids allows these classical substrates to be used as aryl electrophiles in cross‐coupling reactions. Further challenges that are yet to be addressed in redox‐neutral decarbonylative cross‐couplings are also briefly summarized.
Neutral selection: Major recent progress in the challenging redox‐neutral decarbonylative cross‐coupling of carboxylic acids is highlighted, including the use of acid fluorides as effective cross‐coupling partners to facilitate challenging Pd0‐catalyzed reactions and the use of acid chlorides in room temperature difluoromethylation and direct decarbonylative cross‐coupling reactions. Further challenges that are yet to be addressed are also briefly summarized.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
An intermolecular asymmetric dearomatization reaction of β‐naphthols with nitroethylene through a chiral‐thiourea‐catalyzed Michael reaction is described. Enantioenriched functionalized ...β‐naphthalenones with an all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic center could thus be easily constructed from simple naphthol derivatives in good yields and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 79 % yield, 98 % ee).
An intermolecular asymmetric dearomatization reaction of β‐naphthols with nitroethylene through a chiral‐thiourea‐catalyzed Michael reaction is described. Enantioenriched functionalized β‐naphthalenones with an all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic center were easily constructed in good yields and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 79 % yield, 98 % ee).
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper aims to predict the future situation of global energy development. In view of this, we reviewed the history of energy use and understood that new energy sources will usher in a new era ...following oil & gas, coal and wood one after another in the past time. Although the fossil energy sources are still plenty in the world, great breakthroughs made in some key technologies and the increasing demand for ecological environmental protection both impel the third time of transformation from oil & gas to new energy sources. Sooner or later, oil, gas, coal and new energy sources will each account for a quarter of global energy consumption in the new era, specifically speaking, accounting for 32.6%, 23.7%, 30.0% and 13.7% respectively. As one of the largest coal consumer, China will inevitably face up to the situation of tripartite confrontation of the coal, oil & gas and new energy. The following forecasting results were achieved. First, the oil will be in a stable period and its annual production peak will be around 2040, reaching up to 45 × 108 t. Second, the natural gas will enter the heyday period and its annual production peak will be around 2060, reaching up to 4.5 × 1012 m3, which will play a pivotal role in the future energy sustainable development. Third, the coal has entered a high-to-low-carbon transition period, and its direct use and the discharged pollutants will be significantly reduced. In 2050, the coal will be dropped to 25% of the primary energy mix. Last, the development and utilization of new energy sources has been getting into the golden age and its proportion in the primary energy mix will be substantially enhanced. On this basis, we presented some proposals for the future energy development in China. At first, we should understand well that China's energy production and consumption has its own characteristics. Under the present situation, we should strengthen the clean and efficient use of coal resources, which is the key to solving our energy and environmental issues. Then, under the low oil price circumstance, we should keep 200 million tons of annual oil production as “the bottom line” so as to ensure national energy security and to accelerate tight gas, shale gas and other unconventional resources development. In 2030, the annual natural gas production will reach up to more than 300 Bcm. Finally, the development and utilization of new energy resources should be further strengthened and non-fossil energy sources will be expected to reach as high as 20% of the primary energy consumption by 2030.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary
The Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1 (RPW8.1) activates confined cell death and defense against different pathogens. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms still remain ...elusive.
Here, we show that RPW8.1 activates ethylene signaling that, in turn, negatively regulates RPW8.1 expression. RPW8.1 binds and stabilizes 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate oxidase 4 (ACO4), which may in part explain increased ethylene production and signaling in RPW8.1‐expressing plants. In return, ACO4 and other key components of ethylene signaling negatively regulate RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and disease resistance via suppressing RPW8.1 expression.
Loss of function in ACO4, EIN2, EIN3 EIL1, ERF6, ERF016 or ORA59 increases RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and defense response. By contrast, overexpression of EIN3 abolishes or significantly compromises RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and disease resistance. Furthermore, ERF6, ERF016 and ORA59 appear to act as trans‐repressors of RPW8.1, with OAR59 being able to directly bind to the RPW8.1 promoter.
Taken together, our results have revealed a feedback regulatory circuit connecting RPW8.1 and the ethylene‐signaling pathway, in which RPW8.1 enhances ethylene signaling, and the latter, in return, negatively regulates RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and defense response via suppressing RPW8.1 expression to attenuate its defense activity.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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