Tumor microenvironment (TME) has been reported to exhibit a crucial effect in lung cancer. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the genes associated with TME and develop a risk score to ...predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) based on these genes. The immune and stromal scores were generated by the ESTIMATE algorithm for LUAD patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differentially expressed gene and weighted gene co-expression network analyses were used to derive immune- and stromal-related genes. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)-Cox regression was applied for further selection and the selected genes were inputted into stepwise regression to develop TME-related risk score (TMErisk) which was further validated in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. TMErisk-related biological phenotypes were analyzed in function enrichment, tumor immune signature, and tumor mutation signature. The patient's response to immunotherapy was inferred by the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) score and immunophenoscore (IPS). According to our results, TMErisk was developed based on SERPINE1, CX3CR1, CD200R1, GBP1, IRF1, STAP1, LOX, and OR7E47P. Furthermore, high TMErisk was identified as a poor factor for OS in TCGA and GEO datasets, as well as in subgroup analysis with different gender, smoking status, age, race, anatomic site, therapies, and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages. Higher TMErisk is also associated negatively with the abundance of B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and other stromal or immune cells. Several genes of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) family and immune checkpoints were less expressed in the high-TMErisk group. Mutations of 19 genes occurred more frequently in the high-TMErisk group. These mutations may be associated with TME change and indicate patients' response to immunotherapy. According to our analyses, a lower TMErisk score may indicate better response and OS outcome of immunotherapy.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
By a facile peripheral decoration of 5‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐10,15,20‐triphenylporphyrin (ATPP) with inherent aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) active tetraphenylethene (TPE), a versatile AIEgenic ...porphyrin derivative (ATPP‐TPE) was obtained, which greatly abolishes the detrimental π–π stacking and thus surmounts the notorious aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) effect of ATPP in aqueous phase. The photoluminescence of ATPP‐TPE is 4.5‐fold stronger than ATPP at aggregation state. Moreover, an unequivocal aggregation induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) of ATPP‐TPE was found to be seriously dependent on its aggregation property in aqueous solution with efficiency of 34 %, which is 6 times higher than pure ATPP. The versatility of this molecular structure modulation strategy along with the ACQ‐to‐AIE transformation in this work provides direction to guide for applying liposoluble porphyrins in aqueous phase by designs of synthetic porphyrin AIEgens.
A porphyrin derivative was designed to be used in electrochemiluminescence (ECL), and the highly efficient aggregated state ECL of the water‐insoluble porphyrin in aqueous environment was realized. The problem of traditional porphyrins as bio‐probe molecule aggregation‐caused quenching was solved.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Crater detection is useful for research into dating a planetary surface’s age and geological mapping. The high-resolution imaging camera (HiRIC) carried by the Tianwen-1 rover provides digital image ...model (DIM) datasets with a resolution of 0.7 m/pixel, which are suitable for detecting meter-scale craters. The existing deep-learning-based automatic crater detection algorithms require a large number of crater annotation datasets for training. However, there is currently a lack of datasets of optical images of small-sized craters. In this study, we propose a model based on the Segment Anything Model (SAM) to detect craters in Tianwen-1’s landing area and perform statistical analysis. The SAM network was used to obtain a segmentation mask of the craters from the DIM images. Then non-circular filtering was used to filter out irregular craters. Finally, deduplication and removal of false positives were performed to obtain accurate circular craters, and their center’s position and diameter were obtained through circular fitting analysis. We extracted 841,727 craters in total, with diameters ranging from 1.57 m to 7910.47 m. These data are useful for further Martian crater catalogs and crater datasets. Additionally, the crater size–frequency distribution (CSFD) was also analyzed, indicating that the surface ages of the Tianwen-1 landing area are ~3.25 billion years, with subsequent surface resurfacing events occurring ~1.67 billion years ago.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Identification of craters plays an essential role in planetary exploration. This article proposes a new neural network, called Square U-Net (SqUNet) for automatic detection of craters using digital ...elevation model (DEM) images of lunar and Mars. The SqUNet uses an embedded U-Net architecture, which includes an encoding and a decoding structure, to replace the traditional convolution module. This kind of structure can significantly improve the feature learning ability. Moreover, a skip link is added inside the embedded U-Net structure to retain the feature information of the original map. We compare our SqUNet model with six other state-of-the-art crater detection models through experiments. The experiments show that the SqUNet can effectively improve the recall rate and the precision of detection. Our model can not only discover new craters but also improve the accuracy of crater segmentation. In addition, the testing results on the Mars DEM dataset have also demonstrated the strong generalization and robustness of the SqUNet network model. It holds significant potential for various applications, providing valuable support for lunar exploration and geological research.
Two-coupled excitatory neurons model containing both calcium-activated non-specific cationic and persistent sodium current in the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) is studied. A new type of mixed ...burst similar to a depolarization block bursting (DB-bursting) is observed in the model of pre-BötC neurons. The multi-time scale dynamics, one- and two-parameter bifurcation analysis, are used to study the types of mixed burst and their transition mechanisms. The results show that the periodic fluctuation of calcium concentration has a great influence on the generation of mixed bursting. The change of time scale caused by fluctuation of calcium concentration and the relative position of bifurcation curves have great influence on patterns of bursting.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The development of a suitable shrimp cell medium is essential for achieving a long-term cell culture and finite cell line of shrimps routinely. In this study, we have successfully developed an ...optimal shrimp cell medium that can be used for long-term
in vitro
culture and continuous subculture of the hemolymph cells (or hemocytes) of greasyback shrimp
Metapenaeus ensis
, designated as MeH cells, by shrimp serum-based and supplements-based optimization of the basic and growth medium. In this article, we have focused on the details for the preparation of the optimal shrimp cell medium by diluting and mixing of various stock solutions as well as the methods for isolation and primary culture of MeH cells.
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A novel shrimp cell growth medium is developed for long-term shrimp hemocytes culture.
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The preparation method of shrimp cell growth medium is successfully established.
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Obvious cell activity and proliferation potential of isolated shrimp cells can be maintained beyond 30 days.
Image, graphical abstract
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
We investigate the effect of the dark matter (DM) halos collisions, namely collisions of galaxies and galaxy clusters, through gravitational bremsstrahlung, on the stochastic gravitational wave ...background. We first calculate the gravitational wave signal of a single collision event, assuming point masses and linear perturbation theory. Then we proceed to the calculation of the energy spectrum of the collective effect of all dark matter collisions in the Universe. Concerning the DM halo collision rate, we show that it is given by the product of the number density of DM halos, which is calculated by the extended Press–Schechter (EPS) theory, with the collision rate of a single DM halo, which is given by simulation results, with a function of the linear growth rate of matter density through cosmological evolution. Hence, integrating over all mass and distance ranges, we finally extract the spectrum of the stochastic gravitational wave background created by DM halos collisions. As we show, the resulting contribution to the stochastic gravitational wave background is of the order of
h
c
≈
10
-
29
in the band of
f
≈
10
-
15
H
z
. However, in very low frequency band, it is larger. With current observational sensitivity it cannot be detected.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The sorghum-sudangrass hybrid is a vital annual gramineous herbage. Few reports exist on its ultra-high-density genetic map. In this study, we sought to create an ultra-high-density genetic linkage ...map for this hybrid to strengthen its functional genomics research and genetic breeding. We used 150 sorghum-sudangrass hybrid F2 individuals and their parents (scattered ear sorghum and red hull sudangrass) for high-throughput sequencing on the basis of whole genome resequencing. In total, 1,180.66 Gb of data were collected. After identification, filtration for integrity, and partial segregation, over 5,656 single nucleotide polymorphism markers of high quality were detected. An ultra-high-density genetic linkage map was constructed using these data. The markers covered approximately 2,192.84 cM of the map with average marker intervals of 0.39 cM. The length ranged from 115.39 cM to 264.04 cM for the 10 linkage groups. Currently, this represents the first genetic linkage map of this size, number of molecular markers, density, and coverage for sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. The findings of this study provide valuable genome-level information on species evolution and comparative genomics analysis and lay the foundation for further research on quantitative trait loci fine mapping and gene cloning and marker-assisted breeding of important traits in sorghum-sudangrass hybrids.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We investigate the quasinormal modes of a massless scalar field in a Schwarzschild black hole, which is deformed due to noncommutative corrections. We introduce the deformed Schwarzschild black hole ...solution, which depends on the noncommutative parameter Θ. We then extract the master equation as a Schrödinger-like equation, giving the explicit expression of the effective potential which is modified due to the noncommutative corrections. After that, we solve the master equation numerically. The significance of these results is twofold. Firstly, our results can be related to the detection of gravitational waves by the near future gravitational wave detectors, such as LISA, which will have a significantly increased accuracy. In particular, these observed gravitational waves produced by binary strong gravitational systems have oscillating modes which can provide valuable information. Secondly, our results can serve as an additional tool to test the predictions of GR, as well as to examine the possible detection of this kind of gravitational corrections.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Immunotherapy has moved to the forefront of modern oncologic treatment in the past few decades. Various forms of immunotherapy currently are emerging, including oncolytic viruses. In this therapy, ...viruses are engineered to selectively propagate in tumor cells and reduce toxicity for non-neoplastic tissues. Adenovirus is one of the most frequently employed oncolytic viruses because of its capacity in tumor cell lysis and immune response stimulation. Upregulation of immunostimulatory signals induced by oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) might significantly remove local immune suppression and amplify antitumor immune responses. Existing genetic engineering technology allows us to design OAds with increasingly better tumor tropism, selectivity, and antitumor efficacy. Several promising strategies to modify the genome of OAds have been applied: capsid modifications, small deletions in the pivotal viral genes, insertion of tumor-specific promoters, and addition of immunostimulatory transgenes. OAds armed with tumor-associated antigen (TAA) transgenes as cancer vaccines provide additional therapeutic strategies to trigger tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, the combination of OAds and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) increases clinical benefit as evidence shown in completed and ongoing clinical trials, especially in the combination of OAds with antiprogrammed death 1/programed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) therapy. Despite remarkable antitumor potency, oncolytic adenovirus immunotherapy is confronted with tough challenges such as antiviral immune response and obstruction of tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we focus on genomic modification strategies of oncolytic adenoviruses and applications of OAds in cancer immunotherapy.
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