The study describes the effects of xanthan gum (0.5–2.0%) on the in vitro digestibility and rheological and pasting properties of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) starch pastes. The flow behavior index (n) ...shows a decrease in trends (from 0.43 to 0.31) as the xanthan gum concentration increases, indicating pseudoplastic behavior. Dynamic viscoelasticity analysis indicate that the elastic (G′) and viscous (G″) moduli increase in the presence of xanthan gum, suggesting a strong interaction between xanthan gum and kudzu starch in the composite system. All concentrations of xanthan gum result in increased elasticity (G′ > G″). Pasting properties reveal that the peak and final viscosity of the xanthan gum–kudzu starch dispersion decreases with the increasing concentration of xanthan gum, highlighting the importance of xanthan gum in controlling overall viscosity. The addition of xanthan gum also decreases the hydrolysis of kudzu starch during in vitro digestion.
Kudzu starch has attracted increasing attention for its biological activities, but some inherent limitations retard its application in food industry. In present study, the effects of xanthan gum on the pasting, rheological, and digestibility properties of kudzu starch are analyzed and might provide some basic knowledge to develop more kudzu starchy food with xanthan gum in the future.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The starch–phenolics complexes are widely fabricated as functional foods but with low phenolics retention limited by traditional liquid reaction and washing systems. In this study, ferulic acid (FA, ...5%) was exogenously used in the crystalline form, and it reacted with starch in a high-solid extrusion environment, which was simultaneously controlled by thermostable α-amylase (0–252 U/g). Moderate enzymolysis (21 or 63 U/g) decreased the degree of the starch double helix and significantly increased the FA retention rate (>80%) with good melting and distribution. Although there were no significantly strong chemical bonds (with only 0.17–2.39% FA bound to starch hydrolysate), the noncovalent interactions, mainly hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic interactions, were determined by 1H NMR and molecular dynamics simulation analyses. The phased release of total FA (>50% in the stomach and ∼100% in the intestines) from bioextrudate under in vitro digestion conditions was promoted, which gives a perspective for handing large loads of FA and other phenolics based on starch carrier.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Proanthocyanidins from Chinese bayberry leaves were coextruded with rice flour.•Extrusion process significantly reduces the degree of starch crystallinity.•Proanthocyanidins affect ...the gelatinization of rice starch.•Co-extruding proanthocyanidins with rice could reduce its digestion significantly.
Proanthocyanins from Chinese bayberry leaves (CBLPs) were co-extruded with rice flour at different concentrations. The physicochemical properties of the restructured rice were analysed with XRD, RVA, and DSC, while the digestibility was analysed with an in vitro digestion model. Results indicated that the extrusion process significantly reduced the degree of starch crystallinity and the addition of CBLPs enhanced this effect. The restructured rice with CBLPs showed higher peak viscosity and lower pasting temperature than those of the samples without CBLPs. With the increasing of CBLPs concentration, the equilibrium hydrolysis of rice starch decreased from 86.61% to 70.89% with a kinetics constant (k) ranged from 7.51 × 10−2 to 4.71 × 10−2 (min−1), indicating a good retardation of CBLPs on starch hydrolysis. Our results indicate that co-extruding CBLPs with rice flour could reduce its starch digestion significantly and be an option for producing staple rice food with lower digestion.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
There have been no prior reports of the morphology of the caudate lobe of the liver in a Caribbean population. We sought to document the variations in caudate surface anatomy in this population. Two ...independent investigators observed 56 consecutive cadaveric dissections over a period of five years. Each liver was explanted using a standardized technique. The caudate lobe was observed and standardized measurements were taken using electronic calipers. There were 56 cadavers dissected over the study period. Morphologic anomalies of the caudate lobe were present in 64% of unselected persons in this Caribbean population. These included the presence of a linguiform process (64.3%), absence of a caudate process (28.6%), presence of an inferior caudate notch (21.4%), the presence of a vertical caudate fissure (19.6%) and the presence of a papillary process (10.7%). The caudate fissure co-existed with a caudate notch in 91.6% of our population. Only 36% of persons in this Caribbean population had normal caudate lobe anatomy. These variations carry clinical significance and are of importance to any clinician treating liver diseases in persons of Caribbean extract. This population has the highest prevalence of a linguiform process (64.3%) to be reported in medical literature. It is unclear why the incidence was so high in this Caribbean population, but it is tempting to think that there might be an ethnic predisposition since the majority of cadavers in our study were of Afro-Caribbean ethnicity (91.1%). Keywords Hepatic, Surface, Lobe, Segment, Caribbean, Liver.
In this paper, a 4×32 low side-lobe slot antenna array using unequal microstrip-ridge gap waveguide (GWG) feeding network at 94 GHz is presented. The slot antenna array is built by two double-sided ...printed circuit boards (PCBs). The top one employs SIW-based 2×2 subarrays and the bottom one is a broadband 2×16 way unequal GWG feeding network. Applying Taylor amplitude weighting in the 16 way GWG feeding network, low side-lobe performance is achieved. The unequal T-junction dividers with phase compensation are proposed and designed for various output ratios. Simulated results show that the antenna array achieves 5 GHz bandwidth with a peak gain of 26.3 dBi at 94 GHz. Across the entire band, low side lobe level (SLL) below -20 dB is realized.
The regulatory effect and mechanism of apigenin-8-C-glucoside on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity were systematically investigated using enzyme activity kinetics, fluorescence spectroscopy, ...circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and molecular docking. Results indicated that apigenin-8-C-glucoside showed a good inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase in a non-competitive manner with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 293.5 mg/L. However, no significant inhibitory effect on α-amylase was observed. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that apigenin-8-C-glucoside could act as a quencher molecule to bind to α-glucosidase and quench its fluorescence statically, thereby changing the hydrophobic environment of the enzyme. The CD spectrum showed that the interaction between apigenin-8-C-glucoside and α-glucosidase loosened the secondary structure of this enzyme and decreased the contents of α-helix and β-turn. The results from molecular docking corroborated that the main interaction force between apigenin-8-C-glucoside and α-glucosidase was hydrogen bonding with a minimum binding energy of −7.2 kcal/mol. The present study provides a theoretical basis for the future development of apigenin-8-C-glucoside as an ingredient of health foods or drugs.
Here we report the development of a high-performance electrode material composed of Zn and Ni co-substituted Co carbonate hydroxide (ZnNi-Co2(CO3)(OH)2) nanothorns branched on Cu(OH)2 nanorods array ...(Cu(OH)2@ZnNi-Co2(CO3)(OH)2), which are grown directly on copper foam current collector. The electrode materials are obtained by a simple in situ oxidation reaction and a hydrothermal strategy. The as-obtained Cu(OH)2@ZnNi-Co2(CO3)(OH)2 electrode exhibits significantly enhanced electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance (2746 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), and extraordinary cycling stability (maintained 95.61% of the initial capacitance after 6000 cycles at 20 A g−1), which are much superior to those of Cu(OH)2, Cu(OH)2@ Co2(CO3)(OH)2, Cu(OH)2@Ni-Co2(CO3)(OH)2, and bare ZnNi-Co2(CO3)(OH)2 nanospheres electrodes. Additionally, the Cu(OH)2@ZnNi-Co2(CO3)(OH)2 nanorods array can also be utilized as the positive electrode to fabricate an asymmetric supercapacitor device with an active carbon negative electrode, realizing a high cell voltage of 1.5 V and the energy density of up to 34.75Wh kg−1 at a power density of 375 W kg−1. The excellent electrochemical properties can be credited to the three-dimensional hierarchical core-shell architecture.
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•Hierarchical Cu(OH)2@ZnNi-CoCH nanorods array is fabricated on 3D Cu foams.•The materials are obtained by an oxidation reaction and a hydrothermal strategy.•Cu(OH)2@ZnNi-CoCH electrode exhibits superb supercapacitive performance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome of abrupt loss of renal functions. The underlying pathological mechanisms of AKI remain largely unknown. BCL2-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) has dual functions ...of regulating cell death and mitophagy, but its pathophysiological role in AKI remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated an increase of BNIP3 expression in cultured renal proximal tubular epithelial cells following oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD-R) and in renal tubules after renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced injury in mice. Functionally, silencing Bnip3 by specific short hairpin RNAs in cultured renal tubular cells reduced OGD-R-induced mitophagy, and potentiated OGD-R-induced cell death. In vivo, Bnip3 knockout worsened renal IR injury, as manifested by more severe renal dysfunction and tissue injury. We further showed that Bnip3 knockout reduced mitophagy, which resulted in the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and enhanced cell death and inflammatory response in kidneys following renal IR. Taken together, these findings suggest that BNIP3-mediated mitophagy has a critical role in mitochondrial quality control and tubular cell survival during AKI.
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