Non-heading Chinese cabbage prefers cool temperatures, and heat stress has become a major factor for reduced yield. The proline transporter protein (ProT) is highly selective for proline transport, ...contributing to the heat tolerance of non-heading Chinese cabbage. However, there has been no systematic study on the identification and potential functions of the
gene family in response to heat stress in non-heading Chinese cabbage. We identified six
genes containing 11-12 transmembrane helices characteristic of membrane proteins through whole-genome sequencing. These genes diverged into three evolutionary branches and exhibited similarity in motifs and intron/exon numbers. Segmental duplication is the primary driving force for the amplification of
. Notably, many stress-related elements have been identified in the promoters of
using cis-acting element analysis. The expression level of
was the highest in petioles, and the expression level of
was the highest under high-temperature stress. Subcellular localization indicated their function at cell membranes. Heterologous expression of
in Arabidopsis plants increased proline transport synthesis under heat-stress conditions. This study provides valuable information for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying heat tolerance mediated by members of the
family.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Wax is an acellular structural substance attached to the surface of plant tissues. It forms a protective barrier on the epidermis of plants and plays an important role in resisting abiotic and biotic ...stresses. In this paper, nonheading Chinese cabbage varieties with and without wax powder were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the surface of waxy plants was covered with a layer of densely arranged waxy crystals, thus differentiating them from the surface of waxless plants. A genetic analysis showed that wax powder formation in nonheading Chinese cabbage was controlled by a pair of dominant genes. A preliminary bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) assay showed that one gene was located at the end of chromosome A09. Within this interval, we identified BraA09000626, encoding an AP2 transcription factor homologous to Arabidopsis AtSHINE3, and we named it BrSHINE3. By comparing the CDS of the gene in the two parental plants, a 35 bp deletion in the BrSHINE3 gene of waxless plants resulted in a frameshift mutation. Tissue analysis showed that BrSHINE3 was expressed at significantly higher levels in waxy plant rosette stage petioles and bolting stage stems than in the tissues of waxless plants. We speculate that this deletion in BrSHINE3 bases in the waxless material may inhibit wax synthesis. The overexpression of BrSHINE3 in Arabidopsis induced the accumulation of wax on the stem surface, indicating that BrSHINE3 is a key gene that regulates the formation of wax powder in nonheading Chinese cabbage. The analysis of the subcellular localization showed that BrSHINE3 is mainly located in the nucleus and chloroplast of tobacco leaves, suggesting that the gene may function as a transcription factor. Subsequent transcriptome analysis of the homology of BrSHINE3 downstream genes in nonheading Chinese cabbage showed that these genes were downregulated in waxless materials. These findings provide a basis for a better understanding of the nonheading Chinese cabbage epidermal wax synthesis pathway and provide important information for the molecular-assisted breeding of nonheading Chinese cabbage.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A single-tillage system, monocropping, and the excessive pursuit of economic efficiency have exacerbated impediments to continuous cropping in greenhouse production systems. Crop rotation is an ...effective strategy to avoid the deleterious impacts of continuous cropping. However, in practice, the rotation of tomato (
Solanum lycopersicum
L.) and okra (
Abelmoschus esculentus
L.) inhibits the growth and fruiting of tomato. To explore the mechanism by which tomato growth is disrupted, tomato seedlings were grown for 9 days in nutrient solution supplemented with an aqueous extract (0, 250, or 500 mg/mL) from soil continuously planted with okra for 10 years. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and physiological and biochemical analyses were conducted to characterize the response. In total, 4035 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the leaves. Compared with the control, 3239 and 2990 DEGs were detected in the leaves of seedlings treated with 250 and 500 mg/mL extract, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the DEGs participated in diverse biological processes, such as chlorophyll metabolism and lignin biosynthesis. The expression of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes was significantly inhibited, whereas chlorophyll decomposition-related gene expression and H
2
O
2
content were promoted by the soil extract, which was not conducive to normal chlorophyll metabolism. The soil extract significantly increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and the transcript levels of lignin biosynthesis-related genes (
PAL
,
HCT
,
CYP98A
,
CCoAMT1
,
CCoAMT2
,
CCR1
, and
CAD2
), thereby promoting lignin biosynthesis and accumulation to enhance stress resistance, but the extract reduced
4CL1
,
CCR2
, and
CAD1
expression. The results from this study suggest that the soil aqueous extract is not conducive to normal chlorophyll metabolism in tomato leaves. Although tomato plants exposed to stress are capable of enhanced lignin synthesis through self-regulation to maintain higher water transport efficiency and stress resistance, long-term treatment is ultimately detrimental to lignin biosynthesis.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Oxybenzone (OBZ), one of a broad spectrum of ultraviolet (UV) absorbents, has been proven to be harmful to both plants and animals, while omics analysis of big data at the molecular level is still ...lacking. Lysine succinylation (Ksuc) is an important posttranslational modification of proteins that plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolic network in organisms under stress. Here, we report the changes in intracellular Ksuc modification in plants under OBZ stress. A total of 1276 succinylated sites on 507 proteins were identified. Among these sites, 181 modified proteins were hypersulfinylated/succinylated in OBZ-stressed pakchoi leaves. Differentially succinylated proteins (DSPs) are distributed mainly in the chloroplast, cytoplasm, and mitochondria and are distributed mainly in primary metabolic pathways, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, stress resistance, energy generation and transfer, photosynthetic carbon fixation, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Comprehensive analysis shows that Ksuc mainly changes the carbon flow distribution, enhances the activity of the antioxidant system, affects the biosynthesis of amino acids, and increases the modification of histones. The results of this study first showed the profiling of the Kusc map under OBZ treatment and proposed the adaptive mechanism of pakchoi in response to pollutants and other abiotic stresses at the posttranslational level, which revealed the importance of Ksuc in the regulation of various life activities and provides a reference dataset for future research on molecular function.
Continuous application of fermented organic fertilizer can improve soil quality, while the performance of nitrogen (N) in the improved soils is rarely investigated. To investigate the fate of applied ...N in the soils with organic management history, the 15NH2CO15NH2 (15N abundance of 19.6 %) was employed as the exogenous N source to conduct an experiment in the Chinese cabbage and tomato rotation system under plastic shed condition. The cultivated soils have received 15-year of effective microorganism (EM) fermented organic fertilizer (EM-OF), N, P, K inorganic fertilizer (NPK-IF) and no fertilizer (NoF). The 15N use by cabbage and tomato, the soil 15N forms, as well as the 15N distribution were observed. Results showed that the 15N use efficiency of cabbage in the EM-OF, NPK-IF and NoF soils were 55.1 %, 37.3 % and 26.6 % respectively, showing significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences. The succeeding crop tomato could take up the soil residual 15N, and the highest 15N reuse efficiency was 7.1 % that detected in the NoF soil. The total 15N loss (6.0 %) from the rotation system was the lowest in the EM-OF soil, compared to that in the NPK-IF and NoF soils. It was concluded that the long-term fermented organic fertilizer applied soils can reduce urea 15N loss from plastic shed agriculture, mainly through improving the in-season crop 15N use efficiency.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Nickel (Ni) is an essential trace element for plant growth and a component of the plant body that has many different functions in plants. Although it has been confirmed that nickel ions (Ni2+) havea ...certain regulatory effect on nitrogen (N) metabolism, there are not enough data to prove whether exogenous Ni2+ can increase the carbon (C) and N metabolism in the roots of tomato seedlingsunder low-nitrogen (LN) conditions. Therefore, through the present experiment, we revealed the key mechanism of Ni2+-mediated tomato root tolerance to LN levels. Tomato plants were cultured at two different N levels (7.66 and 0.383 mmol L−1) and two different Ni2+ levels (0 and 0.1 mg L−1 NiSO4 6H2O) under hydroponic conditions. After nine days, we collected roots for physiological, biochemical, and transcriptome sequencing analyses and found that the activities of N assimilation-related enzymes decreased at LN levels. In contrast, Ni2+ significantly increased the activities of N assimilation-related enzymes and increased the contents of nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+), and total amino acids. Through root transcriptomic analysis, 3738 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. DEGs related to C and N metabolism were downregulated after LN application. However, after Ni2+ treatment, PK, PDHB, GAPDH, NR, NiR, GS, GOGAT, and other DEGs related to C and N metabolism were significantly upregulated. In conclusion, our results suggest that Ni2+ can regulate the C and N metabolism pathways in tomato roots to alleviate the impact of LN levels.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Water and fertilizer are two important factors influencing crop growth, development and yield formation. To investigate their combined effects on the soil-plant system, and to find out the optimal ...water and organic fertilizer coupling strategy for tomato (
L), an experiment was carried out from May to October in 2016 in the south of China. The experiment consisted of three drip irrigation quotas (150, 180, 210 m
/ha) and three organic fertilizer application amounts (2,800, 3,600, 4,400 kg/ha). A water-fertilizer treatment (abbreviated as CK) that is in line with local practice was used for comparison. The tomato marketable yield, sugar/acid ratio (SAR) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), as well as the soil salinity and available nutrient concentrations were measured. The results showed that the marketable yield was highly significantly (
< 0.01) affected by irrigation or fertilization. The SAR of tomato were significantly (
< 0.05) affected by irrigation or/and fertilization. The fertilization had an highly significant (
< 0.01) effect on the concentrations of soil nutrients (N, P, K), while the coupling effect of irrigation and fertilization was not pronounced. According to the multi-index analysis and the computed result by the entropy weight coefficient model, a 180 m
/ha irrigation quota in combination with 4,400 kg/ha organic fertilizer application amount was the optimal water-fertilizer coupling strategy which owned the most satisfactory comprehensive benefits. The marketable yield, SAR and IWUE under this optimal strategy were 122.4 t/ha, 9.2, 32.4 kg/m
, respectively, and by 28.0%, 29.6% and 28.1% higher compared to that under CK.
To elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying the impact of exogenous nickel ions (Ni2+) on the adaptability of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedling roots to low-nitrogen levels, the ...cultivar ‘Micro Tom’ was selected as the experimental material and cultivated hydroponically in the cultivation room of the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. Two distinct nitrogen concentrations (7.66 and 0.383 mmol·L−1) and two different levels of Ni2+ (0 and 0.1 mg·L−1 of NiSO4·6H2O) were employed as treatments. On the 9th day of cultivation, we measured the root biomass, the concentrations of antioxidant compounds, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the tomato seedlings. The study showed that when the nitrogen levels were low, the growth and development of the tomato seedling roots were hindered. This led to a significant increase in the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2−), and malondialdehyde (MDA), indicating oxidative damage to the roots. Conversely, treatment with Ni2+ induced a notable increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the seedlings and augmented the accumulation of nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid (ASA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), thereby enhancing the operational efficiency of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle (ASA–GSH). Consequently, this led to substantial reductions in the H2O2 and MDA levels, ultimately mitigating the oxidative damage inflicted on the tomato seedling roots subjected to low-nitrogen stress. In conclusion, exogenous Ni2+ can reduce the peroxidative damage of tomato seedlings by promoting antioxidase activity in tomato seedlings under low-nitrogen stress, improve the tolerance of tomato seedlings to low-nitrogen stress, and maintain the normal growth and development of tomato seedlings.
Orphan genes (OGs) that are missing identifiable homologs in other lineages may potentially make contributions to a variety of biological functions. The Cucurbitaceae family consists of a wide range ...of fruit crops of worldwide or local economic significance. To date, very few functional mechanisms of OGs in Cucurbitaceae are known. In this study, we systematically identified the OGs of eight Cucurbitaceae species using a comparative genomics approach. The content of OGs varied widely among the eight Cucurbitaceae species, ranging from 1.63% in chayote to 16.55% in wax gourd. Genetic structure analysis showed that OGs have significantly shorter protein lengths and fewer exons in Cucurbitaceae. The subcellular localizations of OGs were basically the same, with only subtle differences. Except for aggregation in some chromosomal regions, the distribution density of OGs was higher near the telomeres and relatively evenly distributed on the chromosomes. Gene expression analysis revealed that OGs had less abundantly and highly tissue-specific expression. Interestingly, the largest proportion of these OGs was significantly more tissue-specific expressed in the flower than in other tissues, and more detectable expression was found in the male flower. Functional prediction of OGs showed that (1) 18 OGs associated with male sterility in watermelon; (2) 182 OGs associated with flower development in cucumber; (3) 51 OGs associated with environmental adaptation in watermelon; (4) 520 OGs may help with the large fruit size in wax gourd. Our results provide the molecular basis and research direction for some important mechanisms in Cucurbitaceae species and domesticated crops.
Light is essential for plant growth. Light intensity, photoperiod, and light quality all affect plant morphology and physiology. Compared to light intensity, photoperiod, little is known about the ...effects of different monochromatic lights on crop species. To investigate how different lighting conditions influence crops with heterogeneous colors in leaves, we examined photosynthetic characteristics and quality (regarding edibility and nutrition) of purple cabbage under different combinations of lights. Eight different treatments were applied including monochromic red (R), monochromic blue (B), monochromic yellow (Y), monochromic green (G), and the combination of red and blue (3/1, RB), red/blue/yellow (3/1/1, RBY), red/blue/green (3/1/1,RBG), and white light as the control. Our results indicate that RBY (3/1/1) treatment promotes the PSII activity of purple cabbage, resulting in improved light energy utilization. By contrast, both G and Y lights alone have inhibitory effect on the PSII activity of purple cabbage. In addition, RBY (3/1/1) significantly boosts the anthocyanin and flavonoids content compared with other treatments. Although we detected highest soluble protein and vitamin C content under B treatment (increased by 30.0 and 14.3% compared with the control, respectively), RBY (3/1/1) appeared to be the second-best lighting condition (with soluble protein and vitamin C content increased by 8.6 and 4.1%, respectively compared with the control). Thus we prove that the addition of yellow light to the traditional combination of red/blue lighting conditions is beneficial to synthesizing photosynthetic pigments and enables superior outcome of purple cabbage growth. Our results indicate that the growth and nutritional quality of purple cabbage are greatly enhanced under RBY (3/1/1) light, and suggest that strategical management of lighting conditions holds promise in maximizing the economic efficiency of plant production and food quality of vegetables grown in controlled environments.
PDF
