High soybean meal diet (HSBMD) decreased the immunity and damaged the liver health of spotted sea bass; in this study,
polysaccharides (LBP) was added to HSBMD to explore its effects on the immunity ...and liver health. The diet with 44% fish meal content was designed as a blank control. On this basis, soybean meal was used to replace 50% fish meal as HSBMD, and LBP was added in HSBMD in gradient (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 g/kg) as the experimental diet. 225-tailed spotted sea bass with initial body weight of 44.52 ± 0.24 g were randomly divided into 5 groups and fed the corresponding diet for 52 days, respectively. The results show that: after ingestion of HSBMD, the immunity of spotted sea bass decreased slightly and hepatic tissue was severely damaged. And the addition of LBP significantly improved the immune capacity and protected the hepatic health. Specifically, the activities of serum lysozyme (LZM), immunoglobulin M (IgM), liver acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) were increased, and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were significantly decreased, and hepatic morphology was improved. In the analysis of transcriptome results, it was found that toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) were down-regulated in toll-like receptor signaling pathway. And LBP may protect hepatic health by regulating Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis, Insulin signaling pathway, Steroid biosynthesis and other glucolipid-related pathways. In conclusion, the addition of LBP in HSBMD can improve the immunity and protect the hepatic health of spotted sea bass, and its mechanism may be related to glucose and lipid metabolism.
In order to explore the effect of mulberry leaf extract (ELM) on the liver function of spotted sea bass, 360 fish with healthy constitution (average body weight 9.00 ± 0.02 g) were selected and ...randomly divided into six groups with three repetitions, and six groups of fish were randomly placed into 18 test tanks (200 L) with 20 fish per tank for the 52-day feeding test. Every day, the fish were fed the experimental feed with different concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 g/kg) to the level of apparent satiation, with a crude protein content of 48.0% and a crude fat content of 8.6%. And the water temperature was maintained at 25–28°C with a salinity of 0.5%–1‰. After feeding, five fish were randomly selected to collect their livers and serum for detection of indicators. The results showed that, compared with the control group, ELM significantly increased the activities of lipase (LPS) and trypsin (TRS) in the liver, and reached the highest level when the amount of ELM added was 6 g/kg P<0.05. ELM significantly increased the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) involved in the metabolic process in liver tissue, and GOT activity reached the highest when ELM was added at 9 g/kg, and LDH activity reached the highest when ELM was added at 15 g/kg P<0.05. ELM had no significant effect on liver antioxidant enzymes P>0.05, but the content of malondialdehyde was significantly reduced P<0.05. Compared with the control group, ELM significantly increased the activities of AKP and ACP in the liver, and the AKP activity reached the highest when the ELM addition amount was 3 g/kg, and the ACP activity reached the highest when the ELM addition amount was 9 g/kg P<0.05. Through comparative transcriptomic analysis, it was indicated that ELM enhanced the hepatic lipids and carbohydrates metabolism ability, as manifested in the upregulation of expression of phosphatidate phosphatase, glucuronosyltransferase, inositol oxygenase, carbonic anhydrase, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2. ELM can also increase the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, ATP-dependent RNA helicase and C-X-C motif chemokine 9 involved in the immune process. The above results show that the ELM can enhance the digestion, metabolism, and immunity of the liver by increasing the activity of digestive enzymes, metabolic enzymes, and the expression of metabolism and immune regulation genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of ELM in the cultivation of spotted sea bass by exploring the effect of ELM on the liver function of spotted sea bass.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To explore the response mechanism of Ruditapes philippinarum to CO2-driven ocean acidification, 540 clams with healthy physique and consistent specifications were randomly divided into 3 groups, with ...3 repetitions in each group, and 60 specimens in each repetition. Stress tests were then conducted under different pH conditions (8.0, 7.2, 6.4). After 96 hours of stress, gill tissues were collected for mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq analysis. The results show that when Philippine clams are stimulated by seawater acidification, the gene expression levels in the glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways in their gill tissue are increased, thereby inducing the occurrence of inflammation in the body and reducing the body's immunity and disease resistance. Philippine clams can also alleviate the adverse effects of seawater acidification on the body by regulating the expression of genes such as miR-184–3p. And when Philippine clams are stimulated by seawater acidification, they can also regulate the interferon-inducible GTPase (IIGP) by regulating the expression of Novel-m0002–3p, which ultimately affects the cellular defense mechanism, material transport ability, and ion exchange ability with the external environment.
•Combined mRNA-miRNA analysis of the effects of seawater acidification on Philippine clams.•The response of Philippine clams to seawater acidification is mainly reflected in the immune response.•Philippine clams alleviate the stress caused by seawater acidification by regulating the expression of miR-184–3p.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
(CB) is known to promote growth, enhance immunity, promote digestion, and improve intestinal health. In this study, we investigated the effects of CB in the feed on growth performance, digestion, and ...intestinal health of juvenile spotted sea bass. To provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of CB in the feed of spotted sea bass, a total of 450 spotted sea bass with an initial body weight of (9.58 ± 0.05) g were randomly divided into six groups. Gradient levels with 0, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% of CB (1×10
cfu/g) were supplemented into diets, designated as CC, CB1, CB2, CB3, CB4, and CB5, respectively. Each group was fed for 54 days. Our results suggest that dietary 0.2% and 0.3% of CB can significantly increase the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of spotted sea bass. The addition of CB significantly increased intestinal amylase activity, intestinal villus length, intestinal villus width, and intestinal muscle thickness. Similarly, CB supplementation increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-
(
) and interleukin-8 (
). Sequence analysis of the bacterial 16S rDNA region showed that dietary CB altered the intestinal microbiota profile of juvenile spotted sea bass, increasing the dominant bacteria in the intestine and decreasing the harmful bacteria. Overall, dietary addition of CB can improve growth performance, enhance intestinal immunity, improve intestinal flora structure, and comprehensively improve the health of spotted sea bass.
In this study, the effects of oxidized fish oil diet supplemented with tea polyphenols (TP) on the intestinal health and liver metabolism of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) were ...investigated. Five kinds of diets were designed. They were the negative control (NC) group without antioxidants and TP, the positive control (PC) group with antioxidants, three experimental groups were supplemented with 0.05 %, 0.10 %, and 0.15 % TP (TP1, TP2, and TP3). The fish with a mean body weight of 11.43±0.02 g was fed on five diets for 56 days. The results showed that TP1 improved lipase (LPS) activity. The intestinal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of TP1 was significantly higher than that of the NC group and was not different from that of the PC group. Histological observation of the intestine showed that the height of the intestinal villus was significantly increased and the width of the intestinal villus was significantly decreased in TP1, while the muscular thickness layer did not change significantly. Furthermore, inflammatory symptoms were present in the intestines of all groups, with improvements observed in TP1 and TP3. By intestinal microbial analysis, the results showed that the ACE and Chao1 indexes of TP1 were significantly higher than those of the NC and PC groups, and the Shannon and Simpson indexes were significantly lower than those of the NC and PC groups. Regarding the structure of the microbiome community, there were a lot more Fusobacteriota in TP2 and TP3 at the phylum level, and there were a lot more Cetobacterium at the genus level. The metabolomic analysis of TP1's liver showed that it controls the metabolism of amino acids, nucleotides, cofactors, vitamins, energy, and carbohydrates. The results showed that adding TP to the oxidized fish oil diet enhanced the intestinal health and liver metabolism of spotted sea bass.
•Tea polyphenols improved the intestinal morphology and inflammation of spotted sea bass under oxidative fish oil stress.•Tea polyphenols improved the intestinal microbe structure of spotted sea bass under oxidized fish oil stress.•Tea polyphenols improved the liver metabolic function of spotted sea bass under oxidized fish oil stress.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Temperature affects the metabolism of fish, and fish of different sizes have different tolerances to temperature. The aim of this experiment was to compare two sizes of juvenile spotted seabass, ...Lateolabrax maculatus (with average weights of 57.91 ± 11.57 g and 13.92 ± 2.77 g, respectively) for changes in physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms under acute heat stress. Experimental fish were exposed to acute temperature increasing from 23 °C to 32 °C, and the mortality rate was noted at various heat stress exposures (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). Moreover, serum and liver were obtained before and after heat stress. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), lactic acid (LD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, and hepatic glycogen, and the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSP90) and apoptosis-related genes (BAX, caspase-3) in two sizes of spotted seabass were measured. Results showed that the contents of AST, ALT, SOD, MDA, LD, and glucose as well as the expression level of BAX and mortality were higher in large spotted seabass than in small spotted seabass within 12 h. These results indicate that the large spotted seabass had higher levels of oxidative stress and more severe liver damage, resulting in a higher mortality. Furthermore, the HSPs expression level of small spotted seabass was higher and the mortality was lower than that of large spotted seabass. Therefore, we considered that the large spotted seabass has lower levels of HSPs expression, causing their physiological response to be elevated to resist heat stress. In conclusion, spotted seabass with larger size has a poorer tolerance to heat stress compared with spotted seabass with smaller size. The smaller fish size was possibly resistant to heat stress by regulating the HSPs expression level in a more active extent.
The study investigated the impact of chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation in a high-fat diet (HFD) on growth, lipid metabolism, intestinal and hepatic histology, as well as gut microbiota in ...spotted sea bass. A total of 540 fish were fed six experimental diets, including a normal fat diet (NFD), a high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg CGA (named HFD1, HFD2, HFD3, and HFD4, respectively) for 7 weeks. The results showed that HFD feeding increased growth and hepatic lipid deposition compared to that in the NFD group. Inclusion of 300 mg/kg CGA in HFD decreased the HFD-induced hyperlipemia (p < 0.05). Additionally, compared to the HFD group, the HFD4 group showed significant reductions in serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels as well as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, while also improving liver total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.05). In the CGA-containing groups, hepatocytes were arranged more neatly than those in the HFD group, and there was a reduction in lipid deposition and hemolysis in the liver. Supplementation of CGA had effects on intestinal structure including an increase in mucosal thickness, as well as villus number and width. The diversity of intestinal flora in the CGA-containing groups was higher than those in the HFD group, and supplementation of 200 mg/kg CGA significantly increased the abundance of intestinal bacteria (p < 0.05). HFD4 feeding increased the intestinal Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio and decreased the abundance of Vibrio. The highest value abundance of Actinobacteriota was found in the HFD2 group. Overall, HFD caused negative effects, and supplementation of 200–400 mg/kg CGA to HFD improved fat deposition, lipid metabolic disorders and liver and gut histology, and increased gut bacterial diversity in spotted sea bass.
Mulberry leaf extract (ELM) has the functions of promoting growth, antioxidant, improving intestinal microbial composition, thus providing a potential solution the occurrence of fish intestinal ...diseases. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to explore the effects of ELM on intestinal health of spotted sea bass
Lateolabrax maculatus
. A total of 360 spotted sea bass (9.00 ± 0.02 g) were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups. Fish in each group were given feed with varying ELM concentration (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 g/kg) for 52 days, respectively. Results show, dietary intake of 9 g/kg ELM increased the weight gain, specific growth ratio and feed intake of the spotted sea bass (
P
<0.05). Meanwhile, dietary intake of 9 g/kg ELM increased the activity of enteric trypsin, amylase and lipase (
P
<0.05). The enteric catalase activity was improved in fish fed with 3 g/kg ELM (
P
<0.05), while a limited effect of ELM on the activity of enteric superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and content of malonaldehyde was observed (
P
>0.05). ELM improved the morphology of fish intestine, as manifested in significant improvement in the length of intestinal villi, thereby increasing the surface area of the intestinal tract (
P
<0.05). Compared with the control group, dietary intake of ELM significantly increased the intestinal microbial ACE, Chao1, and Shannon indexes of fish (
P
<0.05), indicated that the intestinal microbial composition and the abundance of the dominant flora of fish were improved. The above results suggested that the dietary supplementation of about 9 g/kg ELM can improve the growth performance, enteric antioxidant capacity, and intestinal morphology and microbial composition, therefore improving the intestinal health of spotted sea bass. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the application of ELM in improving the enteric health of spotted sea bass, and providing a potential solution the occurrence of fish intestinal diseases.
Laminarin has antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties and favorably impacts gut microbial composition, providing a potential solution for the treatment of intestinal diseases in fish. The aim of ...this study was to investigate the effects of laminarin on the growth and intestinal health of juvenile spotted seabass,
Lateolabrax maculatus
. A total of 450 juveniles (initial body weight: 7.14 ± 0.10 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups with 3 replicates per group and 25 fish per replicate. Six diets were prepared with laminarin supplementation at doses of 0% (Control), 0.4% (P0.4), 0.8% (P0.8), 1.2% (P1.2), 1.6% (P1.6), and 2% (P2). Each group was fed the corresponding diet for 8 weeks. The results indicated that dietary laminarin supplementation of 0.4-1.6% enhanced the specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain rate (WGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of juvenile spotted seabass, and the difference was significant in the P0.8 group (
P
<0.05). Significantly higher intestinal amylase activity was measured in P0.8 compared with the control group. Trypsin activity was significantly increased in P0.4 and P0.8 groups in contrast to the control (
P
<0.05). Lipase activity was significantly increased in P0.4, P0.8, P1.6, and P2 groups in contrast to the control (
P
<0.05). Total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased in the P0.8, P1.2, and P1.6 groups compared to the control group (
P
<0.05). The P0.8 group exhibited significant increases in reduced glutathione, alkaline phosphatase, and lysozyme levels (
P
<0.05), whereas the concentrations of diamine oxidase and D-lactate were significantly decreased (
P
<0.05). Furthermore, intestinal villus height, villus width, and crypt depth were significantly increased in P0.8 and P2 groups (
P
<0.05), and muscular thickness was significantly increased in the P1.2 group (
P
<0.05). Intestinal microbial analysis revealed that the alpha diversity of the laminarin supplemented groups was significantly higher than that of the control group. Moreover, the abundance of intestinal beneficial bacteria
Lactobacillus
and
Klebsiella
in P0.4 and P0.8 groups was significantly increased (
P
<0.05), indicating that laminarin altered the composition of intestinal flora and the abundance of dominant bacteria, with a low dose being more conducive to the formation of beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, dietary laminarin supplementation can improve the growth performance and intestinal function of juvenile spotted seabass. Based on the regression analyses of weight gain rate and specific growth rate, the optimal supplemental level of laminarin was estimated to be 0.97% and 0.98%, respectively.
Puerarin, an isoflavone, exhibits protective effects against liver damage. This study investigated the effects of puerarin on the growth, liver immunity, and antioxidant capacity of yellowfin ...seabream fed with oxidized fish oil. A total of 135 yellowfin seabream (13.00±0.05 g) were randomly divided into nine tanks (15 fish per tank), and fed with three types of diets for 56 days: a normal control fed with 6 % fresh fish oil (NC), an experimental control fed with 6 % oxidized fish oil (OFO), and a treatment fed with 6 % oxidized fish oil and supplemented with 400 mg/kg puerarin (OFP). Results showed, oxidized fish oil decreased the growth of fish, caused liver damage, and suppressed the fish's immunity. Compared to the NC group, the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish in the OFO group were significantly reduced; the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in serum were significantly decreased; liver morphology showed loose cytoplasm with a large amount of fatty degeneration; the lysozyme (LZM) activity in serum and liver was significantly reduced. On the other hand, compared to the NC and OFO groups, the WG and SGR of fish in the OFP group were significantly improved. Additionally, compared to the OFO group, the serum SOD and liver CAT activities in the fish of the OFP group were significantly increased, and the MDA content in serum and liver was significantly reduced. The extensive fatty degeneration in the liver was alleviated. The LZM activity in the serum and liver of fish in the OFP group was significantly higher than that in the OFO group, returning to the levels of the NC group. Meanwhile, puerarin significantly enhanced the expression of Nrf2. In conclusion, puerarin alleviated the adverse reactions induced by oxidized fish oil and promoted the growth of yellowfin seabream.
•A damage model of yellowfin seabream was constructed using dietary oxidized fish oil (OFO).•Puerarin improved the liver lesions caused by OFO and enhanced the growth of yellowfin seabream.•Puerarin alleviated damage caused by OFO via enhancing the antioxidant capacity.•Nrf2 is a potential target gene for puerarin to enhance the antioxidant capacity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
