Cotton Verticillium Wilt (CVW) is a serious soil-borne disease caused by the pathogen Verticillium dahliae and has a great impact on cotton production. Previous studies found that the biocontrol ...agent Chaetomium globosum CEF-082 and its metabolic filtrate could reduce the incidence of CVW, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, CEF-082 inhibited not only the growth of V. dahliae but also that of Sclerotium rolfsii. The metabolic crude extract of CEF-082 increased the sensitivity of V. dahliae to stress, degraded the cell wall of V. dahliae and increased the emergence and plant height of cotton. Through the separation and purification of the metabolic crude extract of CEF-082, chaetoviridin A was identified and found to be highly active against V. dahliae. The compound caused cell necrosis and mycelial deformation, increased the production of ROS and NO, and inhibited the germination of microsclerotia of V. dahliae, enhancing the cotton plant defence response. In addition, CEF-082 also colonized cotton plants.
Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne disease, and severely limits the development of cotton production. To investigate the role of endophytic fungi on Verticillium wilt, CEF-818 (Penicillium ...simplicissimum), CEF-714 (Leptosphaeria sp.), CEF-642 (Talaromyces flavus.) and CEF-193 (Acremonium sp.) isolated from cotton roots were used to assess their effects against cotton wilt disease caused by a defoliating V. dahliae strain Vd080. In the greenhouse, all treatments significantly reduced disease incidence and disease index, with the control efficacy ranging from 26% (CEF-642) to 67% (CEF-818) at 25 days (d) after inoculation. In the disease nursery, compared to controls (with disease incidence of 33.8% and disease index of 31), CEF-818, CEF-193, CEF-714 and CEF-642 provided a protection effect of 69.5%, 69.2%, 54.6% and 45.7%, respectively. Especially, CEF-818 and CEF-714 still provided well protection against Verticillium wilt with 46.9% and 56.6% or 14.3% and 33.7% at the first peak of the disease in heavily infected field, respectively (in early July). These results indicated that these endophytes not only delayed but also reduced wilt symptoms on cotton. In the harvest, the available cotton bolls of plant treated with CEF-818 and CEF-714 increased to 13.1, and 12.2, respectively. And the seed cotton yield significantly increased after seed bacterization with CEF-818 (3442.04 kg/ha) compared to untreated control (3207.51 kg/ha) by 7.3%. Furtherly, CEF-818 and CET-714 treatment increased transcript levels for PAL, PPO, POD, which leads to the increase of cotton defense reactions. Our results indicate that seed treatment of cotton plants with CEF-818 and CET-714 can help in the biocontrol of V. dahliae and improve seed cotton yield in cotton fields. This study provided a better understanding of cotton-endophyte interactions which will aid in developing effective biocontrol agents for Verticillium wilt of cotton in futhre.
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Verticillium wilt of cotton is a serious soil-borne disease that causes a substantial reduction in cotton yields. A previous study showed that the endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum CEF-082 could ...control Verticillium wilt of cotton, and induce a defense response in cotton plants. However, the comprehensive molecular mechanism governing this response is not yet clear.
To study the signalling mechanism induced by CEF-082, the transcriptome of cotton seedlings pretreated with CEF-082 was sequenced. The results revealed 5638 DEGs at 24 h post inoculation with CEF-082, and 2921 and 2153 DEGs at 12 and 48 h post inoculation with Verticillium dahliae, respectively. At 24 h post inoculation with CEF-082, KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs were enriched mainly in the plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signalling pathway-plant, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. There were 1209 DEGs specifically induced only in cotton plants inoculated with V. dahliae in the presence of the biocontrol fungus CEF-082, and not when cotton plants were only inoculated with V. dahliae. GO analysis revealed that these DEGs were enriched mainly in the following terms: ROS metabolic process, H
O
metabolic process, defense response, superoxide dismutase activity, and antioxidant activity. Moreover, many genes, such as ERF, CNGC, FLS2, MYB, GST and CML, that regulate crucial points in defense-related pathways were identified and may contribute to V. dahliae resistance in cotton. These results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism by which the biocontrol fungus CEF-082 increases the resistance of cotton to Verticillium wilt.
The results of this study showed that CEF-082 could regulate multiple metabolic pathways in cotton. After treatment with V. dahliae, the defense response of cotton plants preinoculated with CEF-082 was strengthened.
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wilt caused by
is a common soil-borne disease worldwide, affecting many economically important crop species. Soil microbes can influence plant disease development. We investigated rhizosphere and ...endosphere microbiomes in relation to cotton cultivars with differential susceptibility to
wilt. Soil samples from nine cotton cultivars were assessed for the density of
microsclerotia; plants were assessed for disease development. We used amplicon sequencing to profile both bacterial and fungal communities. Unlike wilt severity, wilt inoculum density did not differ significantly among resistant and susceptible cultivars. Overall, there were no significant association of alpha diversity indices with wilt susceptibility. In contrast, there were clear differences in the overall rhizosphere and endosphere microbial communities, particularly bacteria, between resistant and susceptible cultivars. Many rhizosphere and endosphere microbial groups differed in their relative abundance between resistant and susceptible cultivars. These operational taxonomic units included several well-known taxonomy groups containing beneficial microbes, such as Bacillales, Pseudomonadales, Rhizobiales, and
, which were higher in their relative abundance in resistant cultivars. Greenhouse studies with sterilized soil supported that beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere contribute to reduced wilt development. These findings suggested that specific rhizosphere and endosphere microbes may contribute to cotton resistance to
.
Rhizosphere microbial communities are known to be related to plant health; using such an association for crop management requires a better understanding of this relationship. We investigated ...rhizosphere microbiomes associated with
wilt symptoms in two cotton cultivars. Microbial communities were profiled by amplicon sequencing, with the total bacterial and fungal DNA quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction based on the respective 16S and internal transcribed spacer primers. Although the level of
inoculum was higher in the rhizosphere of diseased plants than in the healthy plants, such a difference explained only a small proportion of variation in wilt severities. Compared to healthy plants, the diseased plants had much higher total fungal/bacterial biomass ratio, as represented by quantified total fungal or bacterial DNA. The variability in the fungal/bacterial biomass ratio was much smaller than variability in either fungal or bacterial total biomass among samples within diseased or healthy plants. Diseased plants generally had lower bacterial alpha diversity in their rhizosphere, but such differences in the fungal alpha diversity depended on cultivars. There were large differences in both fungal and bacterial communities between diseased and healthy plants. Many rhizosphere microbial groups differed in their abundance between healthy and diseased plants. There was a decrease in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and an increase in several plant pathogen and saprophyte guilds in diseased plants. These findings suggested that
.
infection of roots led to considerable changes in rhizosphere microbial communities, with large increases in saprophytic fungi and reduction in bacterial community.
Verticillium wilt is a kind of plant vascular disease caused by the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae, which severely limits cotton production. Our previous studies showed that the endophytic ...fungus Gibellulopsis nigrescens CEF08111 can effectively control Verticillium wilt and induce a defense response in cotton plants. However, the comprehensive molecular mechanism governing this response is not yet clear. To study the signaling mechanism induced by strain CEF08111, the transcriptome of cotton seedlings pretreated with CEF08111 was sequenced. The results revealed 249, 3559 and 33 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 3, 12 and 48 h post inoculation with CEF08111, respectively. At 12 h post inoculation with CEF08111, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs were enriched mainly in the plant−pathogen interaction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway-plant, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these DEGs were enriched mainly in the following terms: response to external stimulus, systemic acquired resistance, kinase activity, phosphotransferase activity, xyloglucan: xyloglucosyl transferase activity, xyloglucan metabolic process, cell wall polysaccharide metabolic process and hemicellulose metabolic process. Moreover, many genes, such as calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), flagellin-sensing 2 (FLS2), resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola 1(RPM1) and myelocytomatosis protein 2 (MYC2), that regulate crucial points in defense-related pathways were identified and may contribute to V. dahliae resistance in cotton. Seven DEGs of the pathway phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and these genes are related to lignin synthesis. The above genes were compared and analyzed, a total of 710 candidate genes that may be related to the resistance of cotton to Verticillium wilt were identified. These results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism by which the biocontrol fungus CEF08111 increases the resistance of cotton to Verticillium wilt.
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Verticillium wilt, mainly caused by a soil-inhabiting fungus
, can seriously reduce the yield and quality of cotton. The complex mechanism underlying cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt remains ...largely unknown. In plants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by Rbohs is one of the earliest responses of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. In our previous study, we performed a time-course phospho-proteomic analysis of roots of resistant and susceptible cotton varieties in response to
, and found early differentially expressed protein burst oxidase homolog protein D (
). However, the role of
-mediated ROS in cotton defense against
needs further investigation. In this study, we analyzed the function of
-mediated resistance of cotton against
in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis showed that GhRbohD possessed the conservative structural attributes of Rbohs family, 12 members of RbohD out of 57 Rbohs in cotton. The expression of
was significantly upregulated after
inoculation, peaking at 6 hpi, and the phosphorylation level was also increased. A VIGS test demonstrated that ROS production, NO, H
O
and Ca
contents of
-silenced cotton plants were significantly reduced, and lignin synthesis and callose accumulation were damaged, important reasons for the impairment of
-silenced cotton's defense against
. The expression levels of resistance-related genes were downregulated in
-silenced cotton by qRT-PCR, mainly involving the lignin metabolism pathway and the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. However, overexpression of
enhanced resistance of transgenic
to
challenge. Furthermore, Y2H assays were applied to find that GhPBL9 and GhRPL12C may interact with GhRbohD. These results strongly support that
activates ROS production to positively regulate the resistance of plants against
.
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Purpose:
Pelvic bone segmentation in CT has always been an essential step in clinical diagnosis and surgery planning of pelvic bone diseases. Existing methods for pelvic bone segmentation are either ...hand-crafted or semi-automatic and achieve limited accuracy when dealing with image appearance variations due to the multi-site domain shift, the presence of contrasted vessels, coprolith and chyme, bone fractures, low dose, metal artifacts, etc. Due to the lack of a large-scale pelvic CT dataset with annotations, deep learning methods are not fully explored.
Methods:
In this paper, we aim to bridge the data gap by curating a large pelvic CT dataset pooled from multiple sources, including 1184 CT volumes with a variety of appearance variations. Then, we propose for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, to learn a deep multi-class network for segmenting lumbar spine, sacrum, left hip, and right hip, from multiple-domain images simultaneously to obtain more effective and robust feature representations. Finally, we introduce a post-processor based on the signed distance function (SDF).
Results:
Extensive experiments on our dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our automatic method, achieving an average Dice of 0.987 for a metal-free volume. SDF post-processor yields a decrease of 15.1% in Hausdorff distance compared with traditional post-processor.
Conclusion:
We believe this large-scale dataset will promote the development of the whole community and open source the images, annotations, codes, and trained baseline models at
https://github.com/ICT-MIRACLE-lab/CTPelvic1K
.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Verticillium wilt is threatening the world's cotton production. The pathogenic fungus
can survive in the soil in the form of microsclerotia for a long time, colonize through the root of cotton, and ...invade into vascular bundles, causing yellowing and wilting of cotton leaves, and in serious cases, leading to plant death. Breeding resistant varieties is the most economical and effective method to control Verticillium wilt. In previous studies, proteomic analysis was carried out on different cotton varieties inoculated with
strain Vd080. It was found that GhRPS6 was phosphorylated after inoculation, and the phosphorylation level in resistant cultivars was 1.5 times than that in susceptible cultivars. In this study, knockdown of
expression results in the reduction of SA and JA content, and suppresses a series of defensive response, enhancing cotton plants susceptibility to
. Overexpression in Arabidopsis
transgenic plants was found to be more resistant to
. Further, serines at 237 and 240 were mutated to phenylalanine, respectively and jointly. The transgenic
plants demonstrated that seri-237 compromised the plant resistance to
. Subcellular localization in
showed that GhRPS6 was localized in the nucleus. Additionally, the pathogen inoculation and phosphorylation site mutation did not change its localization. These results indicate that GhRPS6 is a potential molecular target for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt in cotton. This lays a foundation for breeding disease-resistant varieties.
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is a soil-borne fungus that causes vascular wilt through the roots of plants. Verticillium wilt caused by
is one of the main diseases in cotton producing areas of the world, resulting in huge ...economic losses. Breeding resistant varieties is the most economical and effective method to control Verticillium wilt. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play a pivotal role in plant innate immunity, including regulation of oxidative burst, gene expression as well as hormone signal transduction. However, the function of cotton CDPKs in response to
stress remains unexplored. In this study, 96, 44 and 57 CDPKs were identified from
,
and
, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these CDPKs could be divided into four branches. All GhCDPKs of the same clade are generally similar in gene structure and conserved domain arrangement. Cis-acting elements related to hormones, stress response, cell cycle and development were predicted in the promoter region. The expression of GhCDPKs could be regulated by various stresses. Gh_D11G188500.1 and Gh_A11G186100.1 was up-regulated under Vd0738 and Vd991 stress. Further phosphoproteomics analysis showed that Gh_A11G186100.1 (named as GhCDPK28-6) was phosphorylated under the stress of
. Knockdown of
expression, the content of reactive oxygen species was increased, a series of defense responses were enhanced, and the sensitivity of cotton to
was reduced. Moreover, overexpression of
in
weakened the resistance of plants to this pathogen. Subcellular localization revealed that GhCDPK28-6 was localized in the cell membrane. We also found that GhPBL9 and GhRPL12C may interact with GhCDPK28-6. These results indicate that
is a potential molecular target for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt in cotton. This lays a foundation for breeding disease-resistant varieties.
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