The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an unprecedented public health crisis. Because of the novelty ...of the virus, there are currently no SARS-CoV-2-specific treatments or vaccines available. Therefore, rapid development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed. Here, we developed a pilot-scale production of PiCoVacc, a purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine candidate, which induced SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates. These antibodies neutralized 10 representative SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggesting a possible broader neutralizing ability against other strains. Three immunizations using two different doses, 3 or 6 micrograms per dose, provided partial or complete protection in macaques against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, respectively, without observable antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. These data support the clinical development and testing of PiCoVacc for use in humans.
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•Aging in soil lead the surface of PS-MP being wrapped by soil particles.•The wrapping effects of soil particles induced the formation of protective layer.•Protective layer increased ...the particle size of PS-MP and decreased its ingestion.•The aging of PS-MP in the soil decreased its toxicity to earthworms.
The recent discovery of microplastics contaminants in most ecosystems has raised major health issues, yet knowledge on their impact on soil organisms is limited, especially their toxicity evolution with aging. Herein, the toxicity of polystyrene microplastic (PS-MP) to earthworm (Eisenia fetida) along with aging was investigated. Results showed that the 28 d-LC50 (50% lethal concentration) of PS-MP was 25.67 g kg−1, whereas that increased to 96.47 g kg−1 after PS-MP initially aged in soil for 28 days, indicating the toxicity of PS-MP decreased with aging. Laser scanning confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) found that the toxicity of PS-MP to earthworm may be due to the ingestion of PS-MP by earthworms and the physical damage (e.g., epidermis abrasion and setae loss) of PS-MP to earthworms. Similarly, the levels of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde content increased with PS-MP concentrations from 0.1 to 1.5 g kg−1, but decreased with aging from 7 to 28 days. The integrated biomarker response index also confirmed that the toxicity of PS-MP decreased with aging. SEM found that PS-MP were progressively covered by soil particles during soil aging, inducing the formation of protective layer and increasing the particle size of PS-MP, which prevented direct contact with earthworms and decreased the ingestion of PS-MP, in turn decreased PS-MP toxicity. Overall, our study provides valuable insights for elucidating the effect of aging on the toxicity of microplastics.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
It is promising and challenging to manipulate the electronic structures and functions of materials utilizing both metal‐to‐metal charge transfer (MMCT) and spin‐crossover (SCO) to tune the valence ...and spin states of metal ions. Herein, a metallocyanate building block is used to link with a FeII‐triazole moiety and generates a mixed‐valence complex {(Tp4‐Me)FeIII(CN)39FeII4(trz‐ph)6}⋅Ph3PMe2⋅(Tp4‐Me)FeIII(CN)3 (1; trz‐ph=4‐phenyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole). Moreover, MMCT occurs between FeIII and one of the FeII sites after heat treatment, resulting in the generation of a new phase, {(Tp4‐Me)FeII(CN)3(Tp4‐Me)FeIII(CN)38 FeIIIFeII3(trz‐ph)6}⋅ Ph3PMe2⋅(Tp4‐Me)FeIII(CN)3 (1 a). Structural and magnetic studies reveal that MMCT can tune the two‐step SCO behavior of 1 into one‐step SCO behavior of 1 a. Our work demonstrates that the integration of MMCT and SCO can provide a new alternative for manipulating functional spin‐transition materials with accessible multi‐electronic states.
Two step, one step: A mixed‐valence FeIII/FeII complex 1 was synthesized using (Tp4‐Me)FeIII(CN)3− to link with a FeII‐triazole moiety. Complex 1 underwent a metal‐to‐metal charge transfer (MMCT) between FeIII and one of the FeII sites after heat treatment, resulting in a new isostructural phase of 1 a. The MMCT can turn the two‐step spin crossover (SCO) behavior of 1 into one‐step SCO behavior of 1 a.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Achieving magnetic bistability with large thermal hysteresis is still a formidable challenge in material science. Here we synthesize a series of isostructural chain complexes using 9,10-anthracene ...dicarboxylic acid as a photoactive component. The electron transfer photochromic Mn
and Zn
compounds with photogenerated diradicals are confirmed by structures, optical spectra, magnetic analyses, and density functional theory calculations. For the Mn
analog, light irradiation changes the spin topology from a single Mn
ion to a radical-Mn
single chain, further inducing magnetic bistability with a remarkably wide thermal hysteresis of 177 K. Structural analysis of light irradiated crystals at 300 and 50 K reveals that the rotation of the anthracene rings changes the Mn1-O2-C8 angle and coordination geometries of the Mn
center, resulting in magnetic bistability with this wide thermal hysteresis. This work provides a strategy for constructing molecular magnets with large thermal hysteresis via electron transfer photochromism.
COVID‐19 is a serious respiratory disease. The ever‐increasing number of cases is causing heavier loads on the health service system. Using 38 blood test indicators on the first day of admission for ...the 422 patients diagnosed with COVID‐19 (from January 2020 to June 2021) to construct different machine learning (ML) models to classify patients into either mild or severe cases of COVID‐19. All models show good performance in the classification between COVID‐19 patients into mild and severe disease. The area under the curve (AUC) of the random forest model is 0.89, the AUC of the naive Bayes model is 0.90, the AUC of the support vector machine model is 0.86, and the AUC of the KNN model is 0.78, the AUC of the Logistic regression model is 0.84, and the AUC of the artificial neural network model is 0.87, among which the naive Bayes model has the best performance. Different ML models can classify patients into mild and severe cases based on 38 blood test indicators taken on the first day of admission for patients diagnosed with COVID‐19.
Highlights
1.Different machine learning models are used to classify mild and severe cases of COVID‐19 patients.
2.38 blood sample indicators are used for the machine learning models.
3.Five most significant indicators are identified.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The production of photo‐switchable molecular nanomagnets with substantial coercivity, which is indispensable for information storage and process applications, is challenging. Introducing ...photo‐responsive spin‐crossover units provides a feasible means of controlling the magnetic anisotropy, interactions, and overall nanomagnet properties. Herein, we report a cyanide‐bridged chain 1⋅12H2O ({(PzTp)FeIII(CN)32FeII(Pmat)2}n⋅12 H2O) generated by linking the FeII‐based spin‐crossover unit with the (PzTp)Fe(CN)3− (PzTp: tetrakis(pyrazolyl)borate) building block in the presence of asymmetric ditopic ligand Pmat ((4‐pyridine‐4‐yl)methyleneamino‐1,2,4‐triazole). Structural characterization revealed that the introduction of this asymmetric ligand led to a distorted coordination environment of FeII ions, which were equatorially coordinated by four cyanide N atoms, and apically coordinated by one pyridine N atom and one triazole N atom. Upon 808‐nm light irradiation, 1⋅12H2O underwent photoinduced spin‐crossover and exhibited single‐chain magnet behavior with a coercive field of up to 1.3 T. This represents a 3d‐based photoinduced single‐chain magnet exhibiting pronounced hysteresis.
A light‐induced spin‐crossover switchable single‐chain magnet was discovered in an asymmetric ditopic ligand‐containing cyanide‐bridged compound. A photoinduced opening hysteresis with the highest coercive field of 1.3 T was realized in pure 3d metal‐based molecular magnets.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
T-2 toxin is mainly produced by Fusarium species, which is an extremely toxic mycotoxin to humans and animals. It is well known that T-2 toxin induces oxidative stress, but the molecular mechanism is ...still unknown. In this study, we found that T-2 toxin significantly promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in MCF-7 cells at low doses which maintains cell viability at least 80%. Further analysis showed that T-2 toxin downregulated the expression of the master regulator of antioxidant defense gene, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), and its targeted antioxidant genes. Overexpression of Nrf2 or its target gene heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) significantly blocked the ROS accumulation in MCF-7 cells under T-2 toxin treatment. Moreover, we found that T-2 toxin downregulated the antioxidant genes via inducing the expression of ATF3ΔZip2a/2b. Importantly, overexpression of ATF3ΔZip2a/2b promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2. Altogether, our results demonstrated that T-2 toxin-induced ROS accumulation via ATF3ΔZip2a/2b mediated ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2, which provided a new insight into the mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced oxidative stress.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
To investigate the expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in myeloma bone disease (MBD) and its effect on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of ...BMSCs.
BMSCs were isolated from bone marrow of five patients with multiple myeloma (MM) (MM group) and five with iron deficiency anemia (control group) for culture and identification. The expression of PKM2 protein were compared between the two groups. The differences between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs were assessed by using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and oil red O staining, and detecting marker genes of osteogenesis and adipogenesis. The effect of MM cell line (RPMI-8226) and BMSCs co-culture on the expression of PKM2 was explored. Functional analysis was performed to investigate the correlations of PKM2 expression of MM-derived BMSCs with osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation by employing PKM2 activator and inhibitor. The role of orlistat was explored in regulating PKM2 expression, ost
•Ethanol yields of SFA1OE were around 0.492 g/g totalsugars in different hydrolysates.•Diploid strain SQ-2 displays improved ethanol yield and high temperature resistance.•Contributions of gene SFA1 ...on ethanol yields were evaluated in various hydrolysates.•SFA1OE with high ethanol yield fits to alkaline-distilled sweet sorghum bagasse.
Here, an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain SFA1OE was constructed by overexpressing SFA1 in a reported WXY70 with effective six-gene clusters. Under simulated maize hydrolysate, SFA1OE produced an ethanol yield of 0.492 g/g totalsugars within 48 h. The productivity of SFA1OE was comprehensively evaluated in typical hydrolysates from stalks of maize, sweet sorghum, wheat and Miscanthus. Within 48 h, SFA1OE achieved an ethanol yield of 0.489 g/g totalsugars in the optimized hydrolysate of alkaline-distilled sweet sorghum bagasse derived from Advanced Solid-State Fermentation process. By crossing SFA1OE with a DQ1-derived haploid strain, we obtained an evolved diploid strain SQ-2, exhibiting improved ethanol production and thermotolerance. This study demonstrates that overexpressing SFA1 enables efficient fermentation performance in different lignocellulosic hydrolysates, especially in the hydrolysate of alkaline-distilled sweet sorghum bagasse. The increased cellulosic bioethanol production of SFA1OE provides a promising platform for efficient biorefineries.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The existence of a correlation between spin crossover and dielectric properties is a hot topic in the field of multiresponse materials, which has potential applications in the memory devices, ...switches, and sensors. One formidable challenge is the simultaneous and rapid on/off switching of spin states of the spin carriers and magnetic coupling between them, which is crucial for both reversible photomagnetic behavior and variations in dielectric properties. Here, we report a dinuclear Fe(II) spin crossover complex, wherein each Fe(II) center exhibits an interconversion between FeII HS (HS = high-spin) and FeII LS (LS = low-spin) achieved upon heating and cooling. Moreover, the spin state of respective Fe(II) ions and the antiferromagnetic interaction between them can be switched bidirectionally under alternating irradiation with 532 and 808 nm light, resulting in interconversion between paramagnetic and diamagnetic properties. Interestingly, the spin crossover can also induce variations in dielectric tensors. This result provides a strategy to simultaneously and bidirectionally switch spin state, magnetic coupling, and dielectric properties using external stimuli.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
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